History of Plato Essay

Plato was born around the year 428 BCE into an established Athenian household with a rich history of political connections — including distant relations to both Solon and Pisistratus. Plato’s parents were Ariston and Perictone, his older brothers were Adeimantus and Glaucon, and his younger sister was Potone. In keeping with his family heritage, Plato was destined for the political life. But the Peloponnesian War, which began a couple of years before he was born and continued until well after he was twenty, led to the decline of the Athenian Empire. The war was followed by a rabid conservative religious movement that led to the execution of Plato’s mentor, Socrates. Together these events forever altered the course of Plato’s life. The biographical tradition is unanimous in its observation that Plato engaged in many forms of poetry as a young man, only later turning to philosophy. Aristotle tells us that sometime during Plato’s youth the philosopher-to-be became acquainted with the doctrines of Cratylus, a student of Heraclitus, who, along with other Presocratic thinkers such as Pythagoras and Parmenides, provided Plato with the foundations of his metaphysics and epistemology. Upon meeting Socrates, however, Plato directed his inquiries toward the question of virtue. The formation of a noble character was to be before all else. Indeed, it is a mark of Plato’s brilliance that he was to find in metaphysics and epistemology a host of moral and political implications. How we think and what we take to be real have an important role in how we act. Thus, Plato came to believe that a philosophical comportment toward life would lead one to being just and, ultimately, happy. It is difficult to determine the precise chain of events that led Plato to the intricate web of beliefs that unify metaphysics, epistemology, ethics and politics into a single inquiry. We can be certain, however, that the establishment of a government by Sparta (after the chaos of Athens’ final defeat in 404), and the events that followed, dramatically affected the direction of his thinking. Following the turmoil of the war, a short eight month oligarchical tyranny known as the Thirty Tyrants governed Athens. Two of Plato’s relatives, Critias (his mother’s uncle) and Charmides (his mother’s brother) played roles in this regime. Critias was identified as one of the more extreme members and chief advocate of the government, while Charmides played a smaller role as one of the Eleven, a customs/police force which oversaw the Piraeus. The oligarchy made a practice of confiscating the estates of wealthy Athenians and resident aliens and of putting many individuals to death. In an effort to implicate Socrates in their actions, the Thirty ordered him to arrest Leon of Salamis. Socrates, however, resisted and was spared punishment only because a civil war eventually replaced the Thirty with a new and most radical democracy. A general amnesty, the first in history, was issued absolving those who participated in the reign of terror and other crimes committed during the war. But because many of Socrates’ associates were involved with the Thirty, public sentiment had turned against him, and he now had the reputation of being profoundly anti-democratic. In what appears to be a matter of guilt-by-association, a general prejudice was ultimately responsible for bringing Socrates to trial in 399 on the charges of corrupting the youth, introducing new gods into the city, atheism, and engaging in unusual religious practices. During his trial, which is documented in Plato’s Apology, Socrates explained that he had no interest to engage in politics, because a certain divine sign told him that he was to foster a just and noble lifestyle within the young men of Athens. This he did in casual conversations with whomever he happened to meet on the streets. When Socrates told the court that if set free, he would not stop this practice, claiming that he must follow the voice of his god over the dictates of the state, the court found him guilty (though by a narrow margin), and he was executed one month later. This final sequence of events must have weighed heavily on Plato, who then turned away from politics, somewhat jaded by the unjust behavior of the Thirty, disappointed by the follies of the democracy, and forever affected by the execution of Socrates. At this point Plato left Attica with other friends of Socrates and spent the next twelve years in travel and study. During this period, he sought out the philosophers of his day. He met with the wise-men, priests, and prophets of many different lands, and he apparently studied not only philosophy but geometry, geology, astronomy, and religious matters. His exact itinerary is not known, but the earliest accounts report that Plato left Athens with Euclides and went to Megara from where he went to visit Theodorus in Cyrene. From there he went to Italy to study with the Pythagoreans (including Philolaus and Echecrates mentioned in the Phaedo), and then after Italy he went to Egypt. Whether or not Plato began to write philosophical dialogues prior to Socrates’ execution is a matter of debate. But most scholars agree that shortly after 399 Plato began to write extensively. Although the order in which his dialogues were written is a matter of strong debate, there is some consensus about how the Platonic corpus evolved. This consensus divides Plato’s writings into three broad groups. The first group, generally known as the â€Å"Socratic† dialogues, was probably written between the years 399 and 387. These texts are called â€Å"Socratic† because here Plato appears to remain relatively close to what the historical Socrates advocated and taught. One of these, the Apology, was probably written shortly after the death of Socrates. The Crito, Laches, Lysis, Charmides, Euthyphro, Hippias Minor and Major, Protagoras, Gorgias and Ion, were probably written throughout this twelve year period as well, some of them, like the Protagoras and Gorgias, most likely at its end. Plato was forty the first time he visited Italy. Shortly thereafter, he returned to Athens and founded the Academy, located nearly a mile outside the city walls and named after the Attic hero Academus. The Academy included a nice grove of trees, gardens, a gymnasium and many shrines — including one dedicated to Athena herself, the goddess of the city. Plato created his own cult association, setting aside a portion of the Academy for his purposes and dedicating his cult to the Muses. Soon this ‘school’ became rather well-known on account of its common meals and sympotic lifestyle, modified, of course, to suit a new agenda. Indeed, Plato’s Academy was famed for its moderate eating and talk as well as all the appropriate sacrifices and religious observances. Overshadowing all of that was, of course, its philosophical activity. It seems that over the next twenty six years Plato’s philosophical speculation became more profound and his dramatic talents more refined. During this period, what is sometimes called Plato’s â€Å"middle† or transitional period, Plato could have written the Meno, Euthydemus, Menexenus, Cratylus, Republic, Phaedrus, Symposium and Phaedo. These texts differ from the earlier in that they tend toward the grand metaphysical speculation that provides us with many hallmarks of Platonism, such as the method of hypothesis, the recollection theory and, of course, the theory of ideas, or forms, as they are sometimes called. In 367 Dionysus of Syracuse died, leaving his son as the supreme ruler of a growing empire. Dion, his uncle and guardian, persuaded young Dionysus II to send for Plato, who was to serve as his personal tutor. Upon arriving, Plato found the situation unfavorable for philosophy, though he attempted to teach the young ruler anyway. In 365, Syracuse entered into war, and Plato returned to Athens. (Around the same time, Plato’s most famous pupil, Aristotle, entered the Academy. ) In 361, Dion wrote Plato begging him to return. Reluctantly, Plato did so, setting out on his third and final voyage to Italy. But the situation had deteriorated beyond hope. Plato was soon spirited out of Syracuse from where he went back to Athens. We know little of the remaining thirteen years in Plato’s life. Probably sick of his wanderings and misfortunes in Sicily, Plato returned to the philosophical life of the Academy and, most likely, lived out his days conversing and writing. During this period, Plato could have written the so-called â€Å"later† dialogues, the Parmenides, Theatetus, Sophist, Statesman, Timaeus, Critias, Philebus and Laws, in which Socrates plays a relatively minor role and the metaphysical speculation of the â€Å"middle† dialogues is meticulously scrutinized. Plato died in 347, leaving the Academy to Speusippus, his sister’s son. The Academy served as the model for institutions of higher learning until it was closed by the Emperor Justinian in 529 CE, almost one thousand years later.

Naval Officer Essay

It was said by John F. Kennedy that â€Å"Leadership and learning are indispensable to each other. † Indispensable factors are those known to be undeniably necessary, essential, or obligatory to one another. This unique relationship between leadership and learning is particularly relevant to my motivation. The ambition I have to become a Naval Officer stems from my drive to lead; but I dare not lead without continuing to pursue my hunger to learn. I desire to guide, to have responsibility, and more importantly, to be an example. Bringing out the best in those I am directing and becoming someone that people can truly look up to; that is my primary intention. The military has gradually been becoming a tradition in my family. Honor, Courage, and Commitment are all aspects of a leader with which I grew up and that are now, my core being. I’m destined to become apart of these extraordinary people. The ones who can be distinguished by the pride with which they hold themselves and the confidence with which they speak. The ones who fly jets, command battleships, and dive submarines; most people can only imagine such careers. They are willing not only to sacrifice their life for their country, but also to lead men and women who are willing to do the same. They have to make quick decisions that test who they are and will vastly impact the lives of those under their command. This is the type of person I want to be. But like John Dana had stated, â€Å"Who dares to lead must never cease to learn. It is unquestionably impossible to lead successfully without having learned to do so first. My modo is to learn the rules of the game and then to play better than anyone else. I love pushing myself mentally to be the very best I can be. If not in school, in the world; figuring out solutions to different problems and learning from the experiences and people in my life. I am an extremely resourceful person taking every opportunity I get to expand intellectually. It was embedded in me that knowledge is progress; it sparks action. And with action we can convert adversity into prosperity. I am determined to put my knowledge to use for the advancement of our country. I understand that becoming a Naval Officer is going to be far from easy; so I am prepared to go through severe physical and mental training before I receive my commissions. I‘ve always been motivated by challenge. I look forward to the navy pushing me to be an asset to success; doing things that I never thought possible.

New product plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

New product plan - Essay Example In the modern world, consumers are increasingly becoming concerned about their health. This explains the reduced consumption of carbonated drinks (Science Direct, 1999). Canki should therefore consider this in the production process (Duncan, 2005). Additionally, the company should be concerned about the increased attention concerning waste management. Canki should employ the latest technology in producing and marketing the new product. It employs social media and internet advertising. Technology is among the most important aspect that will be used as a source of competitive advantage (Duncan, 2005: 67). There has been an increased demand for environmental awareness owing to increased pollution as well as due to limited resources. The company should therefore consider production methods that consider these aspects. The product has diverse designs that appeal to customers from various market segments. The product is highly convenient and has been packaged in a reusable can (Duncan, 2005:72). The product has also been produced in an environmentally friendly process that conserves energy and minimizes wastes. Finally, the product can be kept cold and has bubbles. One of the major weaknesses of the product is that its price is higher than that of other soft drinks in the market. This could have a negative impact on the sales (Lomax, 2007: 129). Secondly, the can cannot store hot drinks. Being a new product in the market, Canki is concerned about increasing awareness of its brand to the consumers (Lomax, 2007: 126). This will help to increase the company’s sales. Secondly, the company aims to improve its packaging from using plastic bags to Kraft paper page. Thirdly, the company aims to increase the price of the product from  £7.99 to  £4.99 to increase its profits. Finally, the company aims to penetrate diverse markets across the

The Phenomenon of Georgia OKeeffe Research Paper

The Phenomenon of Georgia OKeeffe - Research Paper Example With the combination of thin paint and her natural ideas put O'Keeffe years ahead of her time. O'Keeffe ancestors were of Irish and Hungarian origin. She grew as a thoughtful child who did things in a manner that was her own way. She decided to become a painter at a very early age and she said "That was the thing I can do the best because that was nobody else's business." Georgia O'Keeffe was a teenager when she moved to Williamsburg with her parents. At Williamsburg she attended the CPEI "Chatham Protestant Episcopal Institute" from where she graduated in the year 1905. In 1907 she joined Art Institute at Chicago and in the same year she also joined the Art Students League at New York. Her artistic ability developed when she started to draw the paintings using oil paint on the piece of canvas. She made a famous oil painting of "Dead Rabbit with Copper Pot." As a result scholarship was awarded to her and it was an early indication of O'Keeffe being a genius. (Weingarten, & Higgerson, 2001) This gave Georgia a sense of achievement as she felt her work very different from the other still painters of her time and the ones before her. For a very brief period she worked as a freelance commercial artist in the city of Chicago. Later she became an arts teacher at Chicago and considered this work to be more pliable. In the year 1914, she became supervisor of art for all the public schools in the city of Amarillo, Texas. In 1920 she became head of the department of art at the College of Normal in Canyon, Texas. (Weingarten, & Higgerson, 2001) In this period O'Keeffe stop painting for a while and studied the art theories of "Arthur Wesley Dow" who was a famous lecturer of art at the University of Columbia. Georgia learned to find and create two dimensional reality in pictorial art. Dow also taught her that these realities must be based on pure aesthetic principles and taught her that composition of pictorial art should be abstract and it must be based on color, line, dark masses and light, symmetry and repetition. O'Keeffe also learned that all these things are important along with solitude, state of isolation and emotional ferment. Georgia O'Keeffe Life in New York Georgia O'Keeffe had a boyfriend with whom she had a conflict over something and that gave her some personal touch in the field of art. All these factors contributed in starting full time painting once again. She experimented with watercolors, oil paints and also the drawing using charcoal. In 1915 Georgia mailed few of her charcoal drawings to her friend who lived in New York. These charcoal drawings brought her artistic immortality. The reason for this was that her friend showed these drawing to Alfred Stieglitz, who was a renowned photographer. Alfred Stieglitz exhibited all these drawing at "Art Gallery 291" on 5th Avenue in New York. These drawing drew the attention of general public. As a reticent person O'Keeffe went to New York to oppose the display of her drawings and demanded an immediate removal. However Stieglitz persuaded her and he wanted these paintings to remain and also wanted her to continue her carrier for her own interest in abstract designs. (Reily, 2007) The d esigns used by Georgia were bud-like forms which where rounded and jagged between undulating

Research Defense Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Research Defense - Essay Example This self induced greed would also increase our emotional detachment from the world just as the threat of nuclear weapons had done. 2. What ideas and theories did the frames provide that were a basis for your own argument Why did you choose these particular sources Explain each of your frames in detail and explain why they were used. The Ronald Reagan quotes provided a foundation for the theory that excessive spending was a political tactic and was encouraged by the government. The Federation for American Scientists (2007) were the basis for the contention that the Cold War was being pursued with the same sense of avarice and spending that was being taken in the private lives of Americans. Capra tied in the influence that technology has had on our spending habits that resulted in enormous personal desires for technology as well as the scientists' spending on advanced weapons systems. Kotkin (2003) and Reuveny & Prakash (1999) advanced the theory that the Cold War's advancement of Capitalism was affecting the Soviet's standard of living by negatively impacting their own spending patterns. They were spending more and enduring the hardships that came with it. The government exploited these small successes in the Cold War through more government excess and increased technology. 3. What frames provided counterpoints and varying perspectives for your paper Why did you choose those Again, explain in detail. The article titled "Generation X" (2007), which appeared in the Tallahassee Democrat on November 7, 1993, and was reprinted in the Atlanta Constitution, Charlotte Observer, Houston Chronicle, and Miami Herald, contends that the Gen-Xers were opposed to the massive debt left behind by the Cold War years. This generation grew up during, or was born, in the Reagan era. However, even though they were complaining, they were caught in the same trap of excessive greed that their elders had been. Though many would criticize the capitalistic approach and deficit spending, the criticism was often shallow and unfounded. 4. What did you argue in your paper Why did you argue that How did you use your sources to develop and support that argument The paper argued the technology and the threat of nuclear war had isolated the American public both emotionally and physically. In this isolation, self-gratification was allowed to flourish, and may have been the only satisfaction available. The fruits of capitalism could be explored to a great degree and there would be no personal responsibility taken for its outcome. It allowed for no outside moral guidance and values were quickly discarded. The surface rewards of economics were the only satisfaction available in the world of emotional isolation. They only furthered a sense of inadequacy that was brought on by what we could not have, not by what we had. This was evidenced by the envy of the Soviets for Western material goods. 5. If you had to pick one flaw in your work with the research paper, what is it and why did it occur One flaw in the paper is the failure to adequately pursue the aspect of the emotional isolation and its effect on over-consumption through the research of academic psychologists. This isolation that was driven by fear and enabled by

What Not to Do Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

What Not to Do - Case Study Example Those who asked such burning questions were either pressured to conform to the ‘norms’ or faced limitation of their terms. The other major flaw that contributed to the demise of AHERF was the alliance between the chief executive officer and the chairperson of the board. The board meetings became only staged performances, as if the participants were following a script. The participants were often given huge reports and never enough time to review them. To summarize both the problems, many frauds and financial weaknesses were covered up, investors were kept in the dark about financial standing of AHERF and there were justifications for later acquisitions by AHERF, such as expansion or market presence (Burns, Cacciamani & Clement, 2000). Here are some of the proposed solutions for the problems that AHERF faced. The board structure plays crucial role in the financial and operational wellbeing of any corporate. The articles of incorporation and bylaws serve as guidelines for the board members. The organization of board is not a hard and fast rule, it varies considerably from one board to another (Lockee, 2005). In fact, each hospital must uphold its own ethos and autonomy (Tipping, 1999).The task of the committees is to support the work of the board, (which AHERF did too well). However, support never means bling support for board’s work. The major mistake that AHERF made was when people started ruling board meeting and decisions instead of bylaws defining their roles. The chairperson is the most important member of the board, which delegates tasks and oversees performances, had AHERF done this properly, an alliance between the chair person and the chief executive would not have been possible. The other mistake regarding AHERF’s board meeting is suppressing opinions, twisting and contorting free speech so that it would not hurt the agenda of the chairperson and the chief executive officer. Effective boards are

Do we learn more from work that follows or breaks with accepted Essay

Do we learn more from work that follows or breaks with accepted conventions - Essay Example There has been plenty of research, since the inception of human understanding of nature, on the methods of learning that are easy to follow as well as easy to teach. With the advancement in science and technology, there has been a lot of progress in every subject. As it follows from study, there are certain laws which govern every field of work. We assume certain conditions which can only be true if the mentioned laws of governance are satisfied, these are the rules, methods or practices established by usage i.e. a custom. Similarly, a convention is a set of agreed, stipulated or generally accepted social norms, norms, standards or criteria, often taking the form of a custom.The simple meaning of the title of this essay in simple terms is whether we learn more from having an advanced understanding of the subject made possible by following the results of an accepted convention (work that follows with accepted conventions) or we learn more from the failure of that convention which caus es us to consider the results from a different perspective (work that breaks with accepted conventions). However, before deciding on one of the choices, we should acknowledge the fact that no matter if the work follows or breaks with accepted conventions, our level of understanding or thinking is elevated to a higher level. In my opinion, we can learn more from the work if it breaks with the accepted conventions. There are many reasons for choosing this case ... However, if we do not get the results as determined by previous study and observations, we are forced to think of the peripheral (other minor variables included in the instructions) reasons that may lead to discrepancy of results. And as a result of this, we in simple words learn one way of not doing that experiment. And we can affirm this argument with a famous quote from a famous inventor, Sir Thomas A. Edison: I have not failed. I've just found 10,000 ways that won't work.[2] Now taking an example from arts, we can affirm the belief that we learn more from the works that break following accepted conventions. The example (more like a story) goes like this: Sigmund Freud was a medical man. After completing his M.D. (Doctor of Medicine) from Vienna University, he started working with a doctor, as an associate director, who was handling cases of hysteria at that time. At that time young man and woman were suffering from hysteria in large numbers. The main reason of the hysteria was sex problem. The doctor, with whom Sigmund Freud was working as an associate doctor, used to rely on medicines (which were not very successful). Sigmund Freud thought it was necessary to go into depth. He suggested this to this senior doctor who disagreed. Thereafter, Sigmund Freud dissociated with him and opened his own clinic for hysteria patients. He started questioning and counseling the patients and recorder their interviews. And finally Sigmund Freud succeeded in finding out the reasons of Author 3 hysteria. The reason was the emotional disturbance of the patients of both sexes. Freud then followed up the study with two books on that subject: Dora and Wolf.[1] This example also points our attention

Effectiveness of Risk Assessment in Preventing Pressure Ulcer Research Paper

Effectiveness of Risk Assessment in Preventing Pressure Ulcer - Research Paper Example The objective of the study will be as follows: To assess whether incorporating risk assessment in nursing practice can reduce the prevalence of pressure ulcers; Establish whether risk assessment can reduce the overall preventive measures used on a patient Investigate whether the detection of pressure ulcers in its early stages could reduce its severity and prevent other illnesses from developing. Background Pressure ulcers are local injuries to skin and/or underlying tissues due to pressure from an object pressing and/or rubbing against the skin. Pressure usually leads in insufficient blood flow and occurs mostly in bony areas such as the sacrum, coccyx, hips, and heels. Insufficient blood supply can lead to death of skin cells leading to the formation of an ulcer. In the US, the prevalence of pressure ulcers varies among states widely, with some states such as Ontario recording incidence rates of 53% in poorly managed healthcare institutions (Clarke, Bradley, & Whytock, 2005).... The staff will also be trained on early detection of the injuries. c) Comparison Data on patients at risk from developing pressure ulcer will be collected before and after training. The data will also include the number of patients who will develop ulcers over a four-week period before and after the training intervention. Data collected after nursing staff have undergone training will be compared to that collected before the training using various statistical analyses to determine whether there was a significant decline in the number of patients at risk of developing ulcers. d) Outcome Results of the analysis will also indicate whether training of nursing personnel in the assessment of pressure ulcer risk is effective in reducing the number of patients developing pressure ulcers. e) Time The study will run for a period of three months. Data on the number of patients developing ulcers and those at risk will be collected for a period of four weeks followed by training of personnel. Dat a will be collected again after training for a period of four weeks. Critique of Literature Clinical studies have shown that development of pressure ulcer during hospitalization can be alleviated by adopting appropriate mitigation measures (Severens, Hobraken, Duivenvoorden, & Frederiks, 2002; Vanderwee, Clark, Dealey, Gunningberg, & Defloor, 2007). These measures can include the development of methods and ways of determining risk factors. Early action can alleviate pain and improve quality of life among persons at risk or those already affected. Healthcare institutions can also benefit from early detection of pressure ulcers by reducing fiscal and time expenditure on the care and treatment of patients. Clarke et al. (2005) mention that pressure ulcers directly kill at least

Activlives Charity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Activlives Charity - Essay Example Similarly, one of the ‘birthday’ events managed to raise a generous amount of donations. Additionally, the organization has partnered with websites such as â€Å"localgiving.com† which offer single and monthly donation options along with gift cards as low as  £15, the proceeds of which are used for activities such as lunches and singing of ActivLives’ members (Localgiving.com, n.d.). 2. Integration marketing communication analysis of ActivLives charity Usually charities use both B2B and B2C communications to collect donations from corporate sector and public respectively. Emotional marketing is used to get the sympathy of donors and the use of value propositions is largely ignored in this sector (IDM, n.d.). The company has partnered with popular personalities such as the former footballer Roger Osborne to promote its brand and collect funds. Events such as the first birthday of the Community Garden promoted the ActivSinging project of the company (Aallaboutipswich.com, n.d.). 3. Marketing segmentation of ActivLives charity ActivLives charity has segmented its market on the basis of geography as well as age. It targets people of Ipswich and Suffolk, particularly the older segment for which it claims to promote mental and physical fitness and an active live (ActivLives, 2013). The segmentation was done on the basis of careful analysis of demographics as the company claims that both the geographic locations are marked by â€Å"high urban deprivation† (ActivLives, 2013). Theory suggests that segments ought to be evaluated on the basis of their size, growth, profitability, competitors as well as business resources (Kotler, 2008). Hence, the segment seems significant enough to be targeted. Segment growth is also high as the U.K is witnessing an ageing population. The aspect of segment’s profitability remains questionable since ActivLives works as a charity and not a for-profit organization. 4. Social Media analysis ActivLives has a strong presence on the social media, particularly twitter and F acebook. However, it has yet to gain greater fan following and, at presents, touts only 127 fans on Facebook. Charities can either engage in fundraising, awareness raising and lobbying as far as their social media campaigns are concerned (CharityComms, 2013). Although ActivLives does not engage in lobbying, it has taken some steps towards fundraising by sharing ‘links’ of its external partner websites on Facebook. Also, it has promoted its â€Å"winter warmer kits† through viral marketing on facebook. However, it has yet to make use of more sophisticated tools such as â€Å"Twibbon† for gaining funds through social media. 5. Target markets The primary target market for ActivLives is â€Å"older adults† particularly those aged 45 years and above in the highly deprived area of Ipswich, for whom the company intends to offer an improved lifestyle including health and general fitness (Localgiving.com, n.d.). Social activities targeted at these individual s are aimed at fostering positive mental and physical fitness amongst these individuals by keeping them active. The secondary target market is people of all ages (not just older adults) for whom ActivLives attempts to offer work placements, educational and health support (ActivLives, 2013). 6. Brand Positioning Building a charity brand requires emphasis on the desire to bring a change to the lives of living things as well as the beliefs and values that accompany it. Clearly, the charities sector is quite competitive in the U.K with over 160,000 charities (Charity Commission, 2013). ActivLives lacks a pre-defined cause such as cancer

DISNEYLAND IN QATAR Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

DISNEYLAND IN QATAR - Case Study Example Market segmentation and target market have been analyzed as part of market analysis. These will form the basis for the development of positioning strategies that are necessary for the appropriate marketing mix to be achieved. The 4ps, which represents Product, Place, Price and Promotion, have been discussed as part of the marketing mix that will be significant for the theme park to establish a unique position in the Qatari market. The strategic fit between the company’s capabilities, resources and the opportunity has been discussed. These are indicators of competitiveness that justify the need for expansion in to the Qatari market. The implementation plan highlights the chronology of events that will lead to the establishment of a fully functional theme park in Qatar. It has been included in the marketing plan as a significant lead to the implementation of proposed activities to accomplish particular objectives over a particular period of time. Each activity corresponds to an objective and output. The implementation plan indicates that establishment and functioning of the theme park will take a period of 14 months. The control strategies that will be employed have been highlighted. These are the actions that the management will be involved in to ensure that the objectives are accomplished according to the implementation plan. Introduction... Disneyland will establish a 500 hectare park with 10 divisions offering different entertainment activities including horse rides, music, live plays, video and wildlife viewing as well as nature trails. This marketing plan aims at maintaining annual revenue of $3 billion. This will be equivalent to 30% of all revenue generated by all five existing Disney’s theme parks in 2011 (White, 2004). Objectives 1. Maintaining 24 hour services during peak season to maintain high sales 2. Increasing the time customers spend in the park through offering half day free for every two days spent at Disneyland during off-peak 3. Promoting institutional visitation by offering special cost reduction during off-peak 4. Encouraging visitation by locals through discounts 5. Establish customer relation management (CRM) to enable the management to keep in touch with clients 6. To increase income by taking advantage of increased number of customers and tourists as a result of Qatar being the host for FI FA Word Cup in 2022 Mission The overall mission of the organization is to maintain leadership among the global providers of entertainment, and more specifically to establish an ultra modern theme park that will outshine any other theme park in the Qatari entertainment industry. The new theme park in Qatar will offer customer focused services to ensure that people get the best value for their money. Market Analysis Market Segmentation Market segmentation has been an important tool for the success of Disneyland theme parks. It involves division of the market in to various segments that consist of groups of consumers with common characteristics. This practice allows the management to know the

Genetically Foods Essay Example for Free

Genetically Foods Essay Genetically-modified foods (GM foods) have made a big splash in the news lately. European environmental organizations and public interest groups have been actively protesting against GM foods for months, and recent controversial studies about the effects of genetically-modified corn pollen on monarch butterfly caterpillars1, 2 have brought the issue of genetic engineering to the forefront of the public consciousness in the U. S. In response to the upswelling of public concern, the U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) held three open meetings in Chicago, Washington, D. C., and Oakland, California to solicit public opinions and begin the process of establishing a new regulatory procedure for government approval of GM foods3. I attended the FDA meeting held in November 1999 in Washington, D. C. , and here I will attempt to summarize the issues involved and explain the U. S. governments present role in regulating GM food. What are genetically-modified foods? The term GM foods or GMOs (genetically-modified organisms) is most commonly used to refer to crop plants created for human or animal consumption using the latest molecular biology techniques. These plants have been modified in the laboratory to enhance desired traits such as increased resistance to herbicides or improved nutritional content. The enhancement of desired traits has traditionally been undertaken through breeding, but conventional plant breeding methods can be very time consuming and are often not very accurate. Genetic engineering, on the other hand, can create plants with the exact desired trait very rapidly and with great accuracy. For example, plant geneticists can isolate a gene responsible for drought tolerance and insert that gene into a different plant. The new genetically-modified plant will gain drought tolerance as well. Not only can genes be transferred from one plant to another, but genes from non-plant organisms also can be used. The best known example of this is the use of B. t. genes in corn and other crops. B. t. , or Bacillus thuringiensis, is a naturally occurring bacterium that produces crystal proteins that are lethal to insect larvae. B. t. crystal protein genes have been transferred into corn, enabling the corn to produce its own pesticides against insects such as the European corn borer. For two informative overviews of some of the techniques involved in creating GM foods, visit Biotech Basics (sponsored by Monsanto) http://www. biotechknowledge. monsanto. com/biotech/bbasics. nsf/index or Techniques of Plant Biotechnology from the National Center for Biotechnology Education http://www. ncbe. reading. ac. uk/NCBE/GMFOOD/techniques. What are some of the advantages of GM foods? The world population has topped 6 billion people and is predicted to double in the next 50 years. Ensuring an adequate food supply for this booming population is going to be a major challenge in the years to come. GM foods promise to meet this need in a number of ways: Pest resistance Crop losses from insect pests can be staggering, resulting in devastating financial loss for farmers and starvation in developing countries. Farmers typically use many tons of chemical pesticides annually. Consumers do not wish to eat food that has been treated with pesticides because of potential health hazards, and run-off of agricultural wastes from excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers can poison the water supply and cause harm to the environment. Growing GM foods such as B. t.corn can help eliminate the application of chemical pesticides and reduce the cost of bringing a crop to market4, 5. Herbicide tolerance For some crops, it is not cost-effective to remove weeds by physical means such as tilling, so farmers will often spray large quantities of different herbicides (weed-killer) to destroy weeds, a time-consuming and expensive process, that requires care so that the herbicide doesnt harm the crop plant or the environment. Crop plants genetically-engineered to be resistant to one very powerful herbicide could help prevent environmental damage by reducing the amount of herbicides needed. For example, Monsanto has created a strain of soybeans genetically modified to be not affected by their herbicide product Roundup  ®6. A farmer grows these soybeans which then only require one application of weed-killer instead of multiple applications, reducing production cost and limiting the dangers of agricultural waste run-off7. Disease resistance There are many viruses, fungi and bacteria that cause plant diseases. Plant biologists are working to create plants with genetically-engineered resistance to these diseases8, 9. Cold tolerance Unexpected frost can destroy sensitive seedlings. An antifreeze gene from cold water fish has been introduced into plants such as tobacco and potato. With this antifreeze gene, these plants are able to tolerate cold temperatures that normally would kill unmodified seedlings10. (Note: I have not been able to find any journal articles or patents that involve fish antifreeze proteins in strawberries, although I have seen such reports in newspapers. I can only conclude that nothing on this application has yet been published or patented.) Drought tolerance/salinity tolerance As the world population grows and more land is utilized for housing instead of food production, farmers will need to grow crops in locations previously unsuited for plant cultivation. Creating plants that can withstand long periods of drought or high salt content in soil and groundwater will help people to grow crops in formerly inhospitable places11, 12. Nutrition Malnutrition is common in third world countries where impoverished peoples rely on a single crop such as rice for the main staple of their diet. However, rice does not contain adequate amounts of all necessary nutrients to prevent malnutrition. If rice could be genetically engineered to contain additional vitamins and minerals, nutrient deficiencies could be alleviated. For example, blindness due to vitamin A deficiency is a common problem in third world countries. Researchers at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Institute for Plant Sciences have created a strain of golden rice containing an unusually high content of beta-carotene (vitamin A)13. Since this rice was funded by the Rockefeller Foundation14, a non-profit organization, the Institute hopes to offer the golden rice seed free to any third world country that requests it. Plans were underway to develop a golden rice that also has increased iron content. However, the grant that funded the creation of these two rice strains was not renewed, perhaps because of the vigorous anti-GM food protesting in Europe, and so this nutritionally-enhanced rice may not come to market at all15. Pharmaceuticals Medicines and vaccines often are costly to produce and sometimes require special storage conditions not readily available in third world countries. Researchers are working to develop edible vaccines in tomatoes and potatoes16, 17. These vaccines will be much easier to ship, store and administer than traditional injectable vaccines. Phytoremediation Not all GM plants are grown as crops. Soil and groundwater pollution continues to be a problem in all parts of the world. Plants such as poplar trees have been genetically engineered to clean up heavy metal pollution from contaminated soil18. How prevalent are GM crops? What plants are involved? According to the FDA and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), there are over 40 plant varieties that have completed all of the federal requirements for commercialization (http://vm. cfsan. fda. gov/%7Elrd/biocon). Some examples of these plants include tomatoes and cantalopes that have modified ripening characteristics, soybeans and sugarbeets that are resistant to herbicides, and corn and cotton plants with increased resistance to insect pests. Not all these products are available in supermarkets yet; however, the prevalence of GM foods in U. S. grocery stores is more widespread than is commonly thought. While there are very, very few genetically-modified whole fruits and vegetables available on produce stands, highly processed foods, such as vegetable oils or breakfast cereals, most likely contain some tiny percentage of genetically-modified ingredients because the raw ingredients have been pooled into one processing stream from many different sources. Also, the ubiquity of soybean derivatives as food additives in the modern American diet virtually ensures that all U. S. consumers have been exposed to GM food products. The U. S. statistics that follow are derived from data presented on the USDA web site at http://www. ers. usda. gov/briefing/biotechnology/. The global statistics are derived from a brief published by the International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA) at http://www. isaaa. org/publications/briefs/Brief_21. htm and from the Biotechnology Industry Organization at http://www. bio.org/foodag/1999Acreage. Thirteen countries grew genetically-engineered crops commercially in 2000, and of these, the U. S. produced the majority. In 2000, 68% of all GM crops were grown by U. S. farmers. In comparison, Argentina, Canada and China produced only 23%, 7% and 1%, respectively. Other countries that grew commercial GM crops in 2000 are Australia, Bulgaria, France, Germany, Mexico, Romania, South Africa, Spain, and Uruguay. Soybeans and corn are the top two most widely grown crops (82% of all GM crops harvested in 2000), with cotton, rapeseed (or canola) and potatoes trailing behind. 74% of these GM crops were modified for herbicide tolerance, 19% were modified for insect pest resistance, and 7% were modified for both herbicide tolerance and pest tolerance. Globally, acreage of GM crops has increased 25-fold in just 5 years, from approximately 4. 3 million acres in 1996 to 109 million acres in 2000 almost twice the area of the United Kingdom. Approximately 99 million acres were devoted to GM crops in the U. S. and Argentina alone. In the U. S. , approximately 54% of all soybeans cultivated in 2000 were genetically-modified, up from 42% in 1998 and only 7% in 1996. In 2000, genetically-modified cotton varieties accounted for 61% of the total cotton crop, up from 42% in 1998, and 15% in 1996. GM corn and also experienced a similar but less dramatic increase. Corn production increased to 25% of all corn grown in 2000, about the same as 1998 (26%), but up from 1. 5% in 1996. As anticipated, pesticide and herbicide use on these GM varieties was slashed and, for the most part, yields were increased (for details, see the UDSA publication at http://www. ers. usda. gov/publications/aer786/). What are some of the criticisms against GM foods? Environmental activists, religious organizations, public interest groups, professional associations and other scientists and government officials have all raised concerns about GM foods, and criticized agribusiness for pursuing profit without concern for potential hazards, and the government for failing to exercise adequate regulatory oversight. It seems that everyone has a strong opinion about GM foods. Even the Vatican19 and the Prince of Wales20 have expressed their opinions. Most concerns about GM foods fall into three categories: environmental hazards, human health risks, and economic concerns. Environmental hazards Unintended harm to other organisms Last year a laboratory study was published in Nature21 showing that pollen from B. t. corn caused high mortality rates in monarch butterfly caterpillars. Monarch caterpillars consume milkweed plants, not corn, but the fear is that if pollen from B. t. corn is blown by the wind onto milkweed plants in neighboring fields, the caterpillars could eat the pollen and perish. Although the Nature study was not conducted under natural field conditions, the results seemed to support this viewpoint. Unfortunately, B. t. toxins kill many species of insect larvae indiscriminately; it is not possible to design a B. t. toxin that would only kill crop-damaging pests and remain harmless to all other insects. This study is being reexamined by the USDA, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and other non-government research groups, and preliminary data from new studies suggests that the original study may have been flawed22, 23. This topic is the subject of acrimonious debate, and both sides of the argument are defending their data vigorously. Currently, there is no agreement about the results of these studies, and the potential risk of harm to non-target organisms will need to be evaluated further. Reduced effectiveness of pesticides Just as some populations of mosquitoes developed resistance to the now-banned pesticide DDT, many people are concerned that insects will become resistant to B. t. or other crops that have been genetically-modified to produce their own pesticides. Gene transfer to non-target species Another concern is that crop plants engineered for herbicide tolerance and weeds will cross-breed, resulting in the transfer of the herbicide resistance genes from the crops into the weeds. These superweeds would then be herbicide tolerant as well. Other introduced genes may cross over into non-modified crops planted next to GM crops. The possibility of interbreeding is shown by the defense of farmers against lawsuits filed by Monsanto. The company has filed patent infringement lawsuits against farmers who may have harvested GM crops. Monsanto claims that the farmers obtained Monsanto-licensed GM seeds from an unknown source and did not pay royalties to Monsanto. The farmers claim that their unmodified crops were cross-pollinated from someone elses GM crops planted a field or two away. More investigation is needed to resolve this issue. There are several possible solutions to the three problems mentioned above. Genes are exchanged between plants via pollen. Two ways to ensure that non-target species will not receive introduced genes from GM plants are to create GM plants that are male sterile (do not produce pollen) or to modify the GM plant so that the pollen does not contain the introduced gene24, 25, 26. Cross-pollination would not occur, and if harmless insects such as monarch caterpillars were to eat pollen from GM plants, the caterpillars would survive. Another possible solution is to create buffer zones around fields of GM crops27, 28, 29. For example, non-GM corn would be planted to surround a field of B. t. GM corn, and the non-GM corn would not be harvested. Beneficial or harmless insects would have a refuge in the non-GM corn, and insect pests could be allowed to destroy the non-GM corn and would not develop resistance to B. t. pesticides. Gene transfer to weeds and other crops would not occur because the wind-blown pollen would not travel beyond the buffer zone. Estimates of the necessary width of buffer zones range from 6 meters to 30 meters or more30. This planting method may not be feasible if too much acreage is required for the buffer zones. Human health risks Allergenicity Many children in the US and Europe have developed life-threatening allergies to peanuts and other foods. There is a possibility that introducing a gene into a plant may create a new allergen or cause an allergic reaction in susceptible individuals. A proposal to incorporate a gene from Brazil nuts into soybeans was abandoned because of the fear of causing unexpected allergic reactions31. Extensive testing of GM foods may be required to avoid the possibility of harm to consumers with food allergies. Labeling of GM foods and food products will acquire new importance, which I shall discuss later. Unknown effects on human health There is a growing concern that introducing foreign genes into food plants may have an unexpected and negative impact on human health. A recent article published in Lancet examined the effects of GM potatoes on the digestive tract in rats32, 33. This study claimed that there were appreciable differences in the intestines of rats fed GM potatoes and rats fed unmodified potatoes. Yet critics say that this paper, like the monarch butterfly data, is flawed and does not hold up to scientific scrutiny34. Moreover, the gene introduced into the potatoes was a snowdrop flower lectin, a substance known to be toxic to mammals. The scientists who created this variety of potato chose to use the lectin gene simply to test the methodology, and these potatoes were never intended for human or animal consumption. On the whole, with the exception of possible allergenicity, scientists believe that GM foods do not present a risk to human health. Economic concerns Bringing a GM food to market is a lengthy and costly process, and of course agri-biotech companies wish to ensure a profitable return on their investment. Many new plant genetic engineering technologies and GM plants have been patented, and patent infringement is a big concern of agribusiness. Yet consumer advocates are worried that patenting these new plant varieties will raise the price of seeds so high that small farmers and third world countries will not be able to afford seeds for GM crops, thus widening the gap between the wealthy and the poor. It is hoped that in a humanitarian gesture, more companies and non-profits will follow the lead of the Rockefeller Foundation and offer their products at reduced cost to impoverished nations. Patent enforcement may also be difficult, as the contention of the farmers that they involuntarily grew Monsanto-engineered strains when their crops were cross-pollinated shows. One way to combat possible patent infringement is to introduce a suicide gene into GM plants. These plants would be viable for only one growing season and would produce sterile seeds that do not germinate. Farmers would need to buy a fresh supply of seeds each year. However, this would be financially disastrous for farmers in third world countries who cannot afford to buy seed each year and traditionally set aside a portion of their harvest to plant in the next growing season. In an open letter to the public, Monsanto has pledged to abandon all research using this suicide gene technology35. How are GM foods regulated and what is the governments role in this process? Governments around the world are hard at work to establish a regulatory process to monitor the effects of and approve new varieties of GM plants. Yet depending on the political, social and economic climate within a region or country, different governments are responding in different ways. In Japan, the Ministry of Health and Welfare has announced that health testing of GM foods will be mandatory as of April 200136, 37. Currently, testing of GM foods is voluntary. Japanese supermarkets are offering both GM foods and unmodified foods, and customers are beginning to show a strong preference for unmodified fruits and vegetables. Indias government has not yet announced a policy on GM foods because no GM crops are grown in India and no products are commercially available in supermarkets yet38. India is, however, very supportive of transgenic plant research. It is highly likely that India will decide that the benefits of GM foods outweigh the risks because Indian agriculture will need to adopt drastic new measures to counteract the countrys endemic poverty and feed its exploding population. Some states in Brazil have banned GM crops entirely, and the Brazilian Institute for the Defense of Consumers, in collaboration with Greenpeace, has filed suit to prevent the importation of GM crops39,. Brazilian farmers, however, have resorted to smuggling GM soybean seeds into the country because they fear economic harm if they are unable to compete in the global marketplace with other grain-exporting countries. In Europe, anti-GM food protestors have been especially active. In the last few years Europe has experienced two major foods scares: bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease) in Great Britain and dioxin-tainted foods originating from Belgium. These food scares have undermined consumer confidence about the European food supply, and citizens are disinclined to trust government information about GM foods. In response to the public outcry, Europe now requires mandatory food labeling of GM foods in stores, and the European Commission (EC) has established a 1% threshold for contamination of unmodified foods with GM food products40. In the United States, the regulatory process is confused because there are three different government agencies that have jurisdiction over GM foods. To put it very simply, the EPA evaluates GM plants for environmental safety, the USDA evaluates whether the plant is safe to grow, and the FDA evaluates whether the plant is safe to eat. The EPA is responsible for regulating substances such as pesticides or toxins that may cause harm to the environment. GM crops such as B. t. pesticide-laced corn or herbicide-tolerant crops but not foods modified for their nutritional value fall under the purview of the EPA. The USDA is responsible for GM crops that do not fall under the umbrella of the EPA such as drought-tolerant or disease-tolerant crops, crops grown for animal feeds, or whole fruits, vegetables and grains for human consumption. The FDA historically has been concerned with pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and food products and additives, not whole foods. Under current guidelines, a genetically-modified ear of corn sold at a produce stand is not regulated by the FDA because it is a whole food, but a box of cornflakes is regulated because it is a food product. The FDAs stance is that GM foods are substantially equivalent to unmodified, natural foods, and therefore not subject to FDA regulation. The EPA conducts risk assessment studies on pesticides that could potentially cause harm to human health and the environment, and establishes tolerance and residue levels for pesticides. There are strict limits on the amount of pesticides that may be applied to crops during growth and production, as well as the amount that remains in the food after processing. Growers using pesticides must have a license for each pesticide and must follow the directions on the label to accord with the EPAs safety standards. Government inspectors may periodically visit farms and conduct investigations to ensure compliance. Violation of government regulations may result in steep fines, loss of license and even jail sentences. As an example the EPA regulatory approach, consider B.t. corn. The EPA has not established limits on residue levels in B. t corn because the B. t. in the corn is not sprayed as a chemical pesticide but is a gene that is integrated into the genetic material of the corn itself. Growers must have a license from the EPA for B. t corn, and the EPA has issued a letter for the 2000 growing season requiring farmers to plant 20% unmodified corn, and up to 50% unmodified corn in regions where cotton is also cultivated41. This planting strategy may help prevent insects from developing resistance to the B.t. pesticides as well as provide a refuge for non-target insects such as Monarch butterflies. The USDA has many internal divisions that share responsibility for assessing GM foods. Among these divisions are APHIS, the Animal Health and Plant Inspection Service, which conducts field tests and issues permits to grow GM crops, the Agricultural Research Service which performs in-house GM food research, and the Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service which oversees the USDA risk assessment program. The USDA is concerned with potential hazards of the plant itself. Does it harbor insect pests? Is it a noxious weed? Will it cause harm to indigenous species if it escapes from farmers fields? The USDA has the power to impose quarantines on problem regions to prevent movement of suspected plants, restrict import or export of suspected plants, and can even destroy plants cultivated in violation of USDA regulations. Many GM plants do not require USDA permits from APHIS. A GM plant does not require a permit if it meets these 6 criteria: 1) the plant is not a noxious weed; 2) the genetic material introduced into the GM plant is stably integrated into the plants own genome; 3) the function of the introduced gene is known and does not cause plant disease; 4) the GM plant is not toxic to non-target organisms; 5) the introduced gene will not cause the creation of new plant viruses; and 6) the GM plant cannot contain genetic material from animal or human pathogens (see http://www. aphis. usda.gov:80/bbep/bp/7cfr340 ). The current FDA policy was developed in 1992 (Federal Register Docket No. 92N-0139) and states that agri-biotech companies may voluntarily ask the FDA for a consultation. Companies working to create new GM foods are not required to consult the FDA, nor are they required to follow the FDAs recommendations after the consultation. Consumer interest groups wish this process to be mandatory, so that all GM food products, whole foods or otherwise, must be approved by the FDA before being released for commercialization. The FDA counters that the agency currently does not have the time, money, or resources to carry out exhaustive health and safety studies of every proposed GM food product. Moreover, the FDA policy as it exists today does not allow for this type of intervention. How are GM foods labeled? Labeling of GM foods and food products is also a contentious issue. On the whole, agribusiness industries believe that labeling should be voluntary and influenced by the demands of the free market. If consumers show preference for labeled foods over non-labeled foods, then industry will have the incentive to regulate itself or risk alienating the customer. Consumer interest groups, on the other hand, are demanding mandatory labeling. People have the right to know what they are eating, argue the interest groups, and historically industry has proven itself to be unreliable at self-compliance with existing safety regulations. The FDAs current position on food labeling is governed by the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act which is only concerned with food additives, not whole foods or food products that are considered GRAS generally recognized as safe. The FDA contends that GM foods are substantially equivalent to non-GM foods, and therefore not subject to more stringent labeling. If all GM foods and food products are to be labeled, Congress must enact sweeping changes in the existing food labeling policy. There are many questions that must be answered if labeling of GM foods becomes mandatory. First, are consumers willing to absorb the cost of such an initiative? If the food production industry is required to label GM foods, factories will need to construct two separate processing streams and monitor the production lines accordingly. Farmers must be able to keep GM crops and non-GM crops from mixing during planting, harvesting and shipping. It is almost assured that industry will pass along these additional costs to consumers in the form of higher prices. Secondly, what are the acceptable limits of GM contamination in non-GM products? The EC has determined that 1% is an acceptable limit of cross-contamination, yet many consumer interest groups argue that only 0% is acceptable. Some companies such as Gerber baby foods42 and Frito-Lay43 have pledged to avoid use of GM foods in any of their products. But who is going to monitor these companies for compliance and what is the penalty if they fail? Once again, the FDA does not have the resources to carry out testing to ensure compliance. What is the level of detectability of GM food cross-contamination? Scientists agree that current technology is unable to detect minute quantities of contamination, so ensuring 0% contamination using existing methodologies is not guaranteed. Yet researchers disagree on what level of contamination really is detectable, especially in highly processed food products such as vegetable oils or breakfast cereals where the vegetables used to make these products have been pooled from many different sources. A 1% threshold may already be below current levels of detectability. Finally, who is to be responsible for educating the public about GM food labels and how costly will that education be? Food labels must be designed to clearly convey accurate information about the product in simple language that everyone can understand. This may be the greatest challenge faced be a new food labeling policy: how to educate and inform the public without damaging the public trust and causing alarm or fear of GM food products. In January 2000, an international trade agreement for labeling GM foods was established44, 45. More than 130 countries, including the US, the worlds largest producer of GM foods, signed the agreement. The policy states that exporters must be required to label all GM foods and that importing countries have the right to judge for themselves the potential risks and reject GM foods, if they so choose. This new agreement may spur the U. S. government to resolve the domestic food labeling dilemma more rapidly. Conclusion Genetically-modified foods have the potential to solve many of the worlds hunger and malnutrition problems, and to help protect and preserve the environment by increasing yield and reducing reliance upon chemical pesticides and herbicides. Yet there are many challenges ahead for governments, especially in the areas of safety testing, regulation, international policy and food labeling. Many people feel that genetic engineering is the inevitable wave of the future and that we cannot afford to ignore a technology that has such enormous potential benefits. However, we must proceed with caution to avoid causing unintended harm to human health and the environment as a result of our enthusiasm for this powerful technology.

Doxorubicin for Drug Delivery in Cancer Treatment

Doxorubicin for Drug Delivery in Cancer Treatment Jobin Baby Title – Nanoparticles (Doxorubicin) for drug delivery in cancer treatment Layman-friendly summary – My aim for this research is to eliminate all traditional treatment used for cancer treatment and introduce nanoparticles as new carrier for drug delivery for cancer treatments. Cancer treatments such as administering toxic drug through injecting/orally doesn’t specifically target cancerous cells but causing the toxic drug go through the bloodstream. This causes cell toxicity by diffusing toxic drug from the bloodstream to the cells. Nanoparticles coated with drugs that can be specifically targeted on to the desired cancer cell. Nanoparticles are small structures that is usually range from sizes between diameter 1-100 nm. Scientific summary – Nanoparticle enter the cell by receptor mediated endocytosis. Nanoparticle is engulfed/wrapped around by membrane a process called endocytosis. The interaction of the membrane and the nanocarriers allows for penetration of the cell by endocytosis. At time nanoparticle slip or penetrate in to the cell membrane and it adheres in to the cell. The nanoparticle containing the drug responds directly to the cell containing cancer and terminates it. Introduction – Cancer is the most dangerous disease. To treat cancerous cell toxic drugs are injected in to the blood stream to kill the cancer cell. But toxic drugs diffuse in to the cell from the bloodstream causing other cells to be toxic. So to minimize diseases/toxicity to other cell or cell membrane nanoparticles should be introduce. Nanoparticles attack on specific cells that causes cancer. Nanoparticles are used to reduce risk of toxicity and side effects of the drug. Doxorubicin nanoparticles binds to specific site of cancer cell and initiate/penetrates inside the cancer cell and breaks open to kill the cancerous cell. Nanoparticles have a relatively large surface which is able to bind, adsorb and carry other compounds such as drugs, probes and proteins (Wim H De Jong, 2008). Cancer is demonstrated as uncontrollable cell growth. Cancer starts when damaged or unused cells start too dived uncontrollably it grows in numbers or doubles so it’s impossible to stop when it spreads around t he body. To stop uncontrollable division of cancerous cell we should react faster. Administering using injection or orally the time taken to react to this cancerous cells is too late so, using nanoparticles its time efficient and its reacts directly with the cancerous cell. A drug is transported to the place of action, hence, its influence on vital tissues and undesirable side effects can be minimized (Wilczewska AZ, 2012). Nanoparticles are used for drug targeting. So, when reaching to the intended diseased/cancerous site in the body the drug carried in the nanoparticle needs to be released. So for drug delivery biodegradable nanoparticle formulations is needed as its intention is to release the drug and react to the cancerous cell. Nanoparticles and their payloads have also been favourably delivered into tumors by taking advantage of the pathophysiological conditions, such as the enhanced permeability and retention effect and the spatial variations in the pHà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¦value (Dr. Tianmeng Sun, 2014). Various nanostructures like polymers, silicon and magnetic nanoparticles have been tested as carriers in drug delivery systems. Like polymers it uses this system where drug is coated on to the polymer and is administered form the mouth to react to the tumor cell. Polymer is a biodegradable substance. So it biodegrades as time goes on. It doesn’t stay in the body so it causes less damage to the cell cause cell toxicity is reduces. It is the same for nanoparticles it provides its function and then degrades causing no further toxicity to the cells. NPs can be used to safely and reliably deliver hydrophilic drugs, hydrophobic drugs, proteins, vaccines, and other biological macromolecules in the body. They can be specifically designed for targeted drug delivery to the brain, lungs, tumor cells and spleen (Singh, 2011). Methodology – Ten experimental rats containing cancerous cells kept under controlled condition Experimented on different rats with different stages of cancer The experiment was led under cleanroom because no contaminants enter and contradict the results. Nanoparticle (DOX) containing drug is placed on five rats Other five rats is undergone chemotherapy and its administered by injecting Every 24hrs results were recorded for 3 months Cell toxicity will be recorded by taking sample of blood from the rat every 48hrs The test subjects will be monitored for unusual behaviour for any side effects suffering from the nanoparticle injected in to the body or from the chemotherapy 4 hrs per chemotherapy was led. The treatment was led every three weeks for 3 months on rats. The lab and the result is checked by three competent authority After three months the rats under controlled environment will be checked for possibility of cancerous cell. If the results turned out as plausible, clinical trials is likely to happen. Grant chart – Expected outcomes – The outcome delivering nanoparticle containing the drug. A tumor marker is substance found in the body tissues that can be elevated only in cancer cells. Oncomarkers is the signature of a cancer cell and modern nanoparticles developed to conjugate to various molecular markers. Doxorubicin (DOX) is the most efficient anti-cancer drug. That’s why nanoscale capsule can deliver DOX only inside cancer cells using oncomarker signatures. It consists of a DNA-or origami shell covered by immune factors with molecular binding sites on its surface (Franà §ois Perreault, 2015). Nanoparticle delivery starts form bloodstream. DOX nanoparticles penetrate inside the cancer cell due to cancer markers on its surface. When nanocapsule conjugated with several markers its DNA-origami shell opens releasing DOX inside the cell. DOX successfully delivered. The cancer cell dies due to DOX direct delivery. So it’s expected using DOX direct delivery cancerous cell from the rats is eliminates/ter minated. DOX delivery will be expected to be faster and time efficient whereas chemotherapy will be slower. DOX delivery is expected to terminate cancerous cells but using chemotherapy it is expected that cancer cells is likely to be back or not all cancer cells are dead Budget – Staff salary 3 staff â‚ ¬21 per hour, 40 hrs in 2 weeks in a month so 6 weeks (240hr) in 3 months Per person â‚ ¬5040 3 person total â‚ ¬15,120 Clean room Clean room â‚ ¬18000 for 3months from February to March Total= â‚ ¬18000 Equipment Budget Malvern instrument â‚ ¬540 Nanosight analyser- â‚ ¬2750 Laboratories instrument â‚ ¬600 Total= â‚ ¬3890 Test Rats 10 Test rats â‚ ¬1000 each Total= â‚ ¬10000 Travel Budget â‚ ¬2000 travel expense for conference meeting in Boston Massachusetts Total â‚ ¬2000 Total budget needed = â‚ ¬49,010 Plans for dissemination – Once this research is completed this will be placed on scientific journal, newspapers, article and social media websites. This research will be approved to do clinical trials on real patients suffering from cancer. Scientific posters will be placed outside science conventions in Ireland and UK. A conference will be held on 27th September for science breakthrough and I will be presenting about my research and how it benefits in the future. Findings of my research will be presented on graphs and on excel to allow people to visualize my research. To spread news around hospitals, research will be published on local newspapers. Bibliography Dr. Tianmeng Sun, D. Y. (2014). Engineered Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 12320–12364. Franà §ois Perreault, A. F. (2015). Environmental applications of graphene-based nanomaterials. Chemical Society Reviews. Singh, A. M. (2011). Biodegradable nanoparticles are excellent vehicle for site directed in-vivo delivery of drugs and vaccines. Journal of Nanobiotechnology, 9-55. Wilczewska AZ, N. K. (2012). Nanoparticles as drug delivery systems. 1020-1037. Wim H De Jong, P. J. (2008). Drug delivery and nanoparticles: Applications and hazards. Int J Nanomedicine, 133–149.

Purpose and Efforts to Bridge the skills Gap

Purpose and Efforts to Bridge the skills Gap The Management Graduates today are deemed by industry as not being job ready and lacking the skills required successfully applying disciplinary knowledge and adding value to our globalised, knowledge economy. In this examination of postgraduate management education, the limited empirical evidence and research literature in comparison to that for postgraduate programs, particularly the MBA, is overwhelming. In a bid to satisfy industry demands, the most common response among business schools are the development of employability skills and enhanced involvement of industry professionals in curricula content and design, both subject to potential failings and criticism. This review of business school efforts to bridge the skills gap also examines the role, function and impact of management education, a research area significantly overlooked in recent years. The present research has discussed the viewpoint on the Management Graduates skills gap and the assignment of responsibility for its resolution. Few research questions which have been raised are, Is management education for enhancing higher-order intellectual and moral skills, such as criticism and inquiry, or to facilitate the development of job ready Management Graduates through industry-relevant education and research? This exploration of functional role leads us to reflect on the impact of management education on industry and society at large and their reciprocal influence on management education. The current research paper looks in to deep the various other issues responsible for the deep gap between the demand and supply of skills. Management Education in 21st Century Purpose Efforts to Bridge the skills Gap Vipin Agrawal Assistant Dean Research Integrated Academy of Management and Technology, Ghaziabad, India Dr. Vidhi Agrawal Assistant Professor Ajay Kumar Garg Institute of Management, Ghaziabad, India Introduction: Business and industry need highly educated and skilled employees. Employers are looking for graduates who have skills in three major areas: strong academic and thinking skills; strong technical skills in the field in which they work; and employability skills such as the ability to work in teams and communicate effectively. Numerous challenges in the twenty-first century will confront corporations worldwide. On a macro- level, these challenges will include globalization (Church, 2000; Friga, Bettis, Sullivan, 2003; Weisman, 2000), increasing competition, limited resources, deregulation, enormous scientific and social change (Barrett Beeson, 2002), rapid advances in technology (Greater Expectations, 2002), and growing diversity among the workforce, customers, and others (Allen, Bordas, Hickman, Matusak, Sorenson, Whitmire, 1998; Business-Higher Education Forum, 1997; Weisman, 2000). At the organizational level, corporations will evolve into smaller, more flexible corpo rate structures characterized by a reduction in hierarchical management layers, decentralized functions (Rabuzzi, 2001), and a focus on high performance, autonomous teams to address issues of quality and customer satisfaction (Business-Higher Education Forum). Industry analysts report that for success in the workplace, employees need to possess entry-level employability skills. These essential skills are often viewed as a companys most important raw material. Perry (2003) states as the information age turns the nature and type of work we do on its head, our traditional views of work, professions, and specialist skills are continually challenged and reshaped. Employers have stated that they prize worker flexibility and people who can think outside the square in finding new and better ways of completing job tasks. Employers will seek people who can think, conduct research, and adapt to change. To succeed in this complex environment, organizations will require individuals who possess a wide and complementary array of knowledge, skills, and attributes that allow them to confront successfully the complex issues facing firms on a global scale (Weisman, 2000). The next generation of MBA graduates will require specific skills to confront challenges to their organizations that include: a) strategic and integrative thinking, particularly with regard to global competition and the application of technology (Allen et al, 1998; Weisman, 2000); b) analytical capability to sort through large amounts of information to focus on the most relevant aspects (Graduate Management Admission Council [GMAC], 2005); c) a capacity for quantitative reasoning (Greater Expectations, 2002); d) the ability to influence and persuade highly diverse groups of employees, customers, strategic partners, investors, and other stakeholders (Friga et al, 2003; Greater Expectations); e) the ability to lead in an environment that spans global cultures (Barrett Beeson, 2002); f) decision-making in an environment of ambiguity and complexity (Mumford et al, 2000;Weisman, 2000); g) creative problem solving (Barrett Beeson; Martin Butler, 2000); h) adaptability to change (GMAC, 2 006); and i) a high degree of self-knowledge and social judgment (Mumford et al, 2000; Nesteruk, 1999). Research literature suggests, however, that there has been ongoing concern within the business community since the late 1980s that higher education does not adequately prepare graduates in these skills (Fugate Jefferson, 2001; Lundstrom, White, Schuster, 1999; Pearce, 1999; Porter McKibbin, 1989). Many corporations urge academia to place a greater focus on a real world orientation of how business operates (Chew McInnis-Bowers, 1996; Hersh, 1997) by emphasizing these skills in their curricula to a greater degree. Chonko and Roberts (1996) specifically report on dissatisfaction among corporate leaders over the lack of business graduates communication and interpersonal skills, intolerance for ambiguity and diversity, inability to think critically and to recognize common themes, and the students adherence to a single, narrow perspective of the world. The authors continue that corporate leaders perceive business curricula as falling behind in global strategies, and sacrifice qualitative thinking for a tools orientation. The Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business [AACSB] (2003) responded to these concerns by revising its guidelines for business curricula on several occasions between 1990 and 2000 (Fugate Jefferson, 2001). The AACSB revisions, written by a committee of representatives from industry, labor, academia, and government, warned that a large percentage of post-secondary business degree programs were not keeping pace with rapidly changing demands in the marketplace. The AAC SB reports stressed the need to include in curriculum revisions a greater emphasis on ethical and global issues, demographic diversity, and awareness of macro-economic considerations. However, there are encouraging indications that the pessimism over a perceived lack of relevance in MBA programs may be unfounded. For example, several premier universities, including the Stanford University, University of Pennsylvanias Wharton School, Columbia University, and the University of California, Berkeley, have begun experimenting with innovative approaches to MBA education to respond to industrys concern. One such approach involves a required core curriculum that builds a basic framework in quantitative, analytical, strategic, and problem-solving skills drawn from scientific disciplines across the university, such as economics, mathematics, social sciences, and other areas. Moreover, there are indications that industry and academia increasingly are working together to identify critical issues facing MBA programs (Austin, 2002; Business-Higher Education Forum, 1997; Friga, Bettis, Sullivan, 2003) and to develop and implement curriculum changes that offer MBA students greater real world experience through internships, case studies, simulations, and other experiential learning approaches (Cudd King, 1995; Mintzberg Gosling, 2002; Rabuzzi, 2001). Curriculum Issues: Changing demands are requiring educators to use innovative teaching techniques to integrate employability standards into the curriculum. Education curricula must provide specific and appropriate preparation for students who choose enter the workforce immediately. By using innovative teaching methods, students are provided an opportunity to apply essential skills to real-world situations in both classroom and work-based learning activities. Industry partners should be included in the curriculum design phase to enable planners to better understand and incorporate real-world procedures and systems in instructional strategies.

Women Coping with Breast Cancer Essay -- Health, Diseases, Cancer Diag

Women Coping with Breast Cancer Coping has been closely connected to stress; it involves a process by which a person attempts to restore balance in response to a stressful life event (Henderson, Gore, Davis, and Condon, 2003). The most common cancer among Canadian women in 2010 is breast cancer. An average of 445 Canadian women will be diagnosed with breast cancer and an average of 100 Canadian women will die of breast cancer every week (Canadian Cancer Society, 2010). Coping with breast cancer has been defined as being emotionally and physically challenging for women and their families (Henderson et Al., 2003). Women that are newly diagnosed with breast cancer and those in the period between diagnosis and treatment are seen as being most stressful due to the uncertainty and ambiguity about the disease, lack of information and the need to make treatment decisions as soon as possible (Balneaves and Long, 1999). Understanding women’s experience in coping with breast cancer will aid nurses and other health car e professionals to recognize maladaptive coping strategies and ensure that women receive the support that they need in order to promote physical and psychological recovery (Luker, Beaver, Leinster and Owens, 1996). Description of Literature The purpose of this limited descriptive review is to develop an understanding of how women cope when diagnosed with breast cancer. The review includes 13 single studies in total, represented by seven quantitative studies and six qualitative studies from 1996-2008. In addition, one mixed-method study will be reviewed. The chosen articles will be defined according to paradigm, method, samples, and key findings. Also, it will be described in a synthesized manner according to qualitative and... ... 2006; Gonzalez and Lengacher, 2007). Another limitation that was noted among the literature was the potential bias in selecting samples and the generalization of the studies findings was limited. The data needs to be considered because of the complex nature of the disease and treatments (Wengstrom et al., 2001; Ebright and Lyon, 2002; Henderson et al., 2003; Carlsson, 2005; Li and Lambert, 2007; Gonzalez and Lengacher, 2007). Lastly, in a number of studies, the data was only measure at one point in time. Feelings and emotions change from time to time. Also, a single time measurement does not allow dynamic changes in the study to be investigated accordingly. Measuring multiple times will aid in providing more credible data for the studies (Luker, et al., 1996; Henderson et al, 2003; Gelinas and Fillion, 2004; Drageset and Lindstrom, 2005; Carlsson et al., 2005).

The Scarlet Letter :: Literary Analysis, Hawthorne

When someone makes a mistake, they usually try to hide the truth to avoid the consequences. The Puritans had a very stringent society in which all sins were met with harsh punishment. In The Scarlet letter, by Nathanial Hawthorn, Hester Prynne and Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale commit adultery, but the public only knows about Hester’s sin; Dimmesdale’s remains hidden. However, by hiding his sin, Dimmesdale suffers much more than Hester does. In The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorn shows that the repercussions of a â€Å"secret sin† are much worse than those of a revealed sin. Hester’s punishment comes from society, so it is not nearly as painful as it could be. One part of Hester’s punishment is to stand on the scaffold – in shame – for three hours. The scaffold is a place where â€Å"iniquity is dragged out into the sunlight† (57) and the truth is revealed, so everyone in the Puritan town knows that Hester is guilty of the sin. While her punishment is denigrating, it is not as bad as the punishments usually are, for she does not have to undergo â€Å"that gripe around the neck† (58). The other part of her punishment is to wear, for the rest of her life, a scarlet â€Å"A† on her dress. The A, for adulterer, is meant to be a stigma for everyone to see and mock. However, Hester beautifully embroiders the mark with gold-thread and wears it with pride. The mark stays with her after she leaves the scaffold and finds a home on the edge of town. She is originally scorned and avoided, but she is needed: S he sews for the governor and soldiers for public ceremonies. Due to the passage of time, her usefulness, and her acceptable behavior (she never battles with the public nor complains), Hester is forgiven and her sin is forgotten. Seven years after receiving the â€Å"A,† people change the meaning of the letter from â€Å"adulterer† to â€Å"able,† and instead of referring to her as a sinner, the townspeople refer to her as one who is â€Å"so helpful to the sick, so comfortable to the afflicted† (169). Society feels that Hester had already served enough punishment, and she eventually becomes a respected woman in the town. Since the truth about her sin is known, Hester is able to overcome society’s punishment; eventually she regains the acceptance, and even the admiration, of the Puritan townspeople.

Should Gambling Be Legalized Essay -- essays research papers

Should Gambling Be Legalized?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gambling is the risking of money or other possessions that’s mostly depends on chance and luck, even tough some forms of gambling may be influenced by skills. Some stereotypical forms of gambling are found in casinos they include: roulette, blackjack, craps, poker, slots and many others. Nevertheless, there are other forms of gambling that people would not even consider them so such as playing the lottery. Gambling has been very popular since the beginning of time when people would use instruments of divination in order to try to predict the outcomes of important events such as wars. These devices were very similar to the ones we use for gambling today (Gambling). Gambling continues to be quite popular in today’s society. Nevertheless, many people bel...

Money Makes the World Go Round Essay

Money Makes the World Go Round Essay Student Submitted Essay – Want our site version, give us a call today! In year 1960, there was a musical play happened named as â€Å"Cabaret† where this quotation â€Å"Money makes the world go round† introduced first. In that play, there was a song sung by female lead actress where she expresses her love and the male actor reply with this quotation. This line implies that money makes the world turn and society highly dependent on the money. â€Å"Success† is generally interpreted as meaning material achievement; the more the cash the more effective one is. This incorporates the measure of cash one procures, the sort of auto he drives or the span of his home. The basic meaning of the above quotation is that without money world would stop and it is true to some extent as without money people cannot afford shelter, nor food. Let’s explore further, does the money makes the world go round? If you have money, various options or doors gets opened for a person. The importance of money becomes even more important when you have zero or no money. For example, someone poor will do anything for money so that they can at least fulfill their basic needs. Money empowers us to bear the cost of a superior personal satisfaction; more cash implies greater and better cars and luxurious houses, better quality items, better amusement and so on. Another favorable position is less worry for paying bills and other family costs. Money may likewise enable a man to pursue their fantasies, for instance a man who needs to accomplish advanced education will be unable to do it without money. The above quotation was explained in various places such as in one of the Charles Dickens novel â€Å"A Christmas Carol† where it explained how love was pushed aside because of the money. In that novel one young man loves the girl and promised that he will be with her always but girl chooses the crooked businessman over that boys love because of money. The businessman has lot of money through which that girl can buy all the luxuries of the life. Be that as it may, as of late everybody has moved toward becoming utilization arranged. We need to purchase anything that is new and available and gets our advantage and we are falling prey to the alluring bundling and advertisements of an item. In this manner we purchase things that we have little requirement for which thus profits. Another example for this quotation is from book â€Å"the Great Gatsby† which was written by F.Scott Fitzgerald. In that book author mentioned what was the impact of money on Gatsby as he loves one girl a lot but unable to speak as she was very rich and wealthy. This states that money includes in each aspect of the live and it reflects in the person mannerism and voice. There are various instances where wealthy people think that because of money they can treat others as slaves and can do anything with them. Thus we can conclude that due to money person gets power to handle everything and others live. Another phase of money is that it can be a motivator which influences the activity of human from politics to geological exploration. The greed of the money makes the person evil, money is not evil. From various arguments I think that it’s not money that makes the world go round it’s us who created the money as monster and permitted it so that it can control and take over the lives of the person. Despite the fact that money has few significance in the lives as each part of the lives spins around the money, yet in the event that we attempted to be content with some we may not face those type of reliance. The assortment of the items that are confronted makes it exceptionally troublesome for us to get content with what they have. We people made money above our happiness and lives. Due to this money never completing pursuit made society very selfish. People used to forget that with money there are things which we cannot buy such as emotions, happiness, togetherness, sharing and many more. One of the Chinese proverbs explains it fantastically saying that money can buy a house but cannot make it a home. Money cannot buy good life, respect, and health, sleep and time knowledge. It can buy only the materialistic things but not the emotions or feelings. A person has lot of money in his/her bank amount but still be poor as he/she is not satisfied or not content in their lives. This notion can be supported by a small and sweet story in â€Å"A Christmas memory† by author Truman Capote. The story is based on a child who didn’t get anything on Christmas apart from kite and some worn outs and handed down but still that child is satisfied and enjoy the day with the kite. In the same book there was another example where a family was given lots of money to buy a new Christmas tree but they refused it as they attached with their old Christmas tree and have to celebrate the festival with that only. The above two examples reflects that the satisfaction and contentment are important and above money. People used to think that to become success we should have money whereas success is based on 8 factors: community, financial, spiritual, career, family, personal needs and health. Thus to become successful you have to get all the above 8 factors and not just financial stability. There are many cases where a wealthy person is not able to get good health and died and all his wealth are not sufficient to make him live. Thus, it can straightaway say that all the wealth is not sufficient to save the live and it will be left behind after the person. The only thing which will be remembered are the good deeds, good behavior and the words a person speaks. If you need us to modify or need references for this Essay, please reach out to us today. Money Makes the World Go Round Essay Money Makes the World Go Round Essay Student Submitted Essay – Want our site version, give us a call today! In year 1960, there was a musical play happened named as â€Å"Cabaret† where this quotation â€Å"Money makes the world go round† introduced first. In that play, there was a song sung by female lead actress where she expresses her love and the male actor reply with this quotation. This line implies that money makes the world turn and society highly dependent on the money. â€Å"Success† is generally interpreted as meaning material achievement; the more the cash the more effective one is. This incorporates the measure of cash one procures, the sort of auto he drives or the span of his home. The basic meaning of the above quotation is that without money world would stop and it is true to some extent as without money people cannot afford shelter, nor food. Let’s explore further, does the money makes the world go round? If you have money, various options or doors gets opened for a person. The importance of money becomes even more important when you have zero or no money. For example, someone poor will do anything for money so that they can at least fulfill their basic needs. Money empowers us to bear the cost of a superior personal satisfaction; more cash implies greater and better cars and luxurious houses, better quality items, better amusement and so on. Another favorable position is less worry for paying bills and other family costs. Money may likewise enable a man to pursue their fantasies, for instance a man who needs to accomplish advanced education will be unable to do it without money. The above quotation was explained in various places such as in one of the Charles Dickens novel â€Å"A Christmas Carol† where it explained how love was pushed aside because of the money. In that novel one young man loves the girl and promised that he will be with her always but girl chooses the crooked businessman over that boys love because of money. The businessman has lot of money through which that girl can buy all the luxuries of the life. Be that as it may, as of late everybody has moved toward becoming utilization arranged. We need to purchase anything that is new and available and gets our advantage and we are falling prey to the alluring bundling and advertisements of an item. In this manner we purchase things that we have little requirement for which thus profits. Another example for this quotation is from book â€Å"the Great Gatsby† which was written by F.Scott Fitzgerald. In that book author mentioned what was the impact of money on Gatsby as he loves one girl a lot but unable to speak as she was very rich and wealthy. This states that money includes in each aspect of the live and it reflects in the person mannerism and voice. There are various instances where wealthy people think that because of money they can treat others as slaves and can do anything with them. Thus we can conclude that due to money person gets power to handle everything and others live. Another phase of money is that it can be a motivator which influences the activity of human from politics to geological exploration. The greed of the money makes the person evil, money is not evil. From various arguments I think that it’s not money that makes the world go round it’s us who created the money as monster and permitted it so that it can control and take over the lives of the person. Despite the fact that money has few significance in the lives as each part of the lives spins around the money, yet in the event that we attempted to be content with some we may not face those type of reliance. The assortment of the items that are confronted makes it exceptionally troublesome for us to get content with what they have. We people made money above our happiness and lives. Due to this money never completing pursuit made society very selfish. People used to forget that with money there are things which we cannot buy such as emotions, happiness, togetherness, sharing and many more. One of the Chinese proverbs explains it fantastically saying that money can buy a house but cannot make it a home. Money cannot buy good life, respect, and health, sleep and time knowledge. It can buy only the materialistic things but not the emotions or feelings. A person has lot of money in his/her bank amount but still be poor as he/she is not satisfied or not content in their lives. This notion can be supported by a small and sweet story in â€Å"A Christmas memory† by author Truman Capote. The story is based on a child who didn’t get anything on Christmas apart from kite and some worn outs and handed down but still that child is satisfied and enjoy the day with the kite. In the same book there was another example where a family was given lots of money to buy a new Christmas tree but they refused it as they attached with their old Christmas tree and have to celebrate the festival with that only. The above two examples reflects that the satisfaction and contentment are important and above money. People used to think that to become success we should have money whereas success is based on 8 factors: community, financial, spiritual, career, family, personal needs and health. Thus to become successful you have to get all the above 8 factors and not just financial stability. There are many cases where a wealthy person is not able to get good health and died and all his wealth are not sufficient to make him live. Thus, it can straightaway say that all the wealth is not sufficient to save the live and it will be left behind after the person. The only thing which will be remembered are the good deeds, good behavior and the words a person speaks. If you need us to modify or need references for this Essay, please reach out to us today.