Life Expectancy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Life Expectancy - Essay Example However, these life expectancy levels do not necessarily mean that all are expected to live for these ages. One may die earlier or even later based on the lifestyles and other occurrences that may not be expected to occur. Life expectancy at birth is the number of years that a new born child is expected to live before they die. According to WHO, life expectancy at birth has increased world over by 6years since 1990. This has been so due to increased healthcare, technology and social conditions. Other factors that are direct determinants of life expectancy are physical fitness, general health conditions and poverty. The discouragement of smoking in England or the alternative encouragement of physical fitness has augured well towards encouraging the increase in the life expectancy. As such, since this practice has continued to receive positive response from the citizens, life expectancy in England is expected to continue increasing. The growth of the same in the United States of America is slightly below this rate and the reasons for this are discussed herein. Eileen Crimmins-2004 proposes that reductions in mortality were as a result of a reduction in the load of chronic inflammation and infection. The health improvements in Europe can highly explain the effected change. The improvement of the different aspects of healthcare production can be highly praised for the reduced mortality rates in the United Kingdom. From wide studies, it has been reported that improved technological application in healthcare delivery, milestone coverage in genetic engineering and an increased awareness of diseases and viruses (Vallin, MesleÃŒ  &Valkonen, 2001). Medicinal delivery has been experiencing an increased rate of technological advancement in the last decade. This can be clearly highlighted by the introduction of the targeted Cancer Therapy, natural Orifice

Uniforms in Public Schools Essay Example for Free

Uniforms in Public Schools Essay Since crime is a staple in almost every community, it only follows that public schools, as indispensable institutions in the community, may be vulnerable to criminal predicaments, if not inevitable victims of crime altogether. Crimes in public schools range from trivial to serious cases. According to a DPI news release, most of these crimes have something to do with possession, be of illegal substances, firearms, and explosives, or even petty alcohol (DPI, 2006). However, although not as rampant, crimes in public schools also involve robberies, as well as physical and sexual assaults. Even more alarming nowadays is the fact that public schools can also become targets of massacres or killings sprees, as was proven by the Virginia Tech incident in a CNN article dated April 17, 2007 (CNN, 2007). Thus, the current situation of public schools becomes rather alarming, and parents worry about their children who are in school. Marcus Nieto, author of Security and Crime Prevention Strategies in California Public Schools, says that the causes of school crimes vary along with different perspectives regarding the matter (Nieto, 1999). Joel Turtel, author of Public Schools, Public Menace, on the other hand, states that some consider lack of discipline in schools a primary cause, while others believe that it is lack of moral values and parental guidance (Turtel, 2005). Facts show that drug use is also a precipitant of school crime and violence, and there are those who maintain that it is due to â€Å"glorified violence† in culture and the media (Nieto, 1999). Survey shows that negligence of parents is also a contributing factor, and was also identified in a CNN poll as one of the top three causes of crimes in schools along with access to guns and the media (Nieto, 1999). Numerous strategies have already been and are being employed to prevent such crimes within schools. Such preventive measures range from simple and inexpensive to downright elaborate. Simple preventive measures include â€Å"assigning teachers in hallways, grouping troubled students in alternative schools, and requiring visitor registration (Nieto, 1999). † Other strategies involve creating a peaceful ambiance conducive to teaching and learning through â€Å"comprehensive school-safety plans, zero-tolerance policies for drugs and weapons, and community collaboration (Nieto, 1999). † More elaborate preventive measures include providing telephones for each classroom, installing surveillance systems, stationing of uniformed police officers and creating anonymous hotlines and websites through which anyone in possession of weapons and other illegal material can be reported. The U. S. Department of Education states in the Manual on School Uniforms that the increasing violence within schools prompts parents and faculty members to subscribe to the implementation of a school uniform policy (Department of Education, 1996). According to Linda Lumsden, the associate editor, and Gabriel Miller, a research analyst and writer for ERIC Clearinghouse on Educational Management at the University of Oregon, the matter of school safety is a concern that renders the idea of a dress code or uniform policy rather attractive (Lumsden Miller, 2002). However, the implementation of a uniform policy cannot possibly solve the crime problem altogether. The U. S. Department of Education furthers in the Manual on School Uniforms that â€Å"uniforms by themselves cannot solve all the problems of school discipline, but they can be one positive contributing factor to discipline and safety. † II. Presentation of Proposal A mandatory school policy may not be the entire solution for the growing levels of violence and public school crimes. However, it can contribute significantly, though indirectly, to the maintenance of a safe and disciplined environment that is conducive to learning (Department of Education, 1996). Moreover, the implementation of a dress code or school uniform policy comes along with several more benefits. The benefits enumerated by the U. S. Department of Education include: â€Å"decreasing violence and theft—even life-threatening situations—among students over designer clothing or expensive sneakers, helping prevent gang members from wearing gang colors and insignia at school, instilling students with discipline, helping parents and students resist peer pressure, helping students concentrate on their school work, and helping school officials recognize intruders who come to the school (Department of Education, 1996). † More importantly, as one parent commented at a forum regarding dress code policies via internet e-mail, uniforms can help students take school more seriously with a renewed respect for that place where they are being prepared for the future, where they will, most likely, also be required to observe a dress code. III. Summary and Rebuttal of Opposing Views Studies may have shown that no difference exists between students who are in uniform and those who are not. However, a mandatory uniform policy provides a sort of equality among students, for the same dress code will more or less reduce the superficial gap between the impoverished and the well-off. This will then lessen the pressure among students, especially adolescents, to dress in order to fit in (Middleweb, 2000). The implementation of a dress code policy may also be contested by another counter-argument, that is, a required dress code will further challenge the purchasing power of families from the poorer neighborhoods. According to the U. S. Department of Education, non-uniform outfits are usually more expensive than uniforms. According to an August 2002 article of the Wall Street Journal, the cost of uniforms range from $25-$40 per outfit (NAESP, 2002). An article from USA Today states that parents more or less spend $185 for non-uniform outfits for each child. Nevertheless, implementation of a uniform policy might still be a burden for families who cannot afford them (NAESP, 2002). Still, school districts can come up with provisions to assist those families. For instance, the school itself can provide uniforms to the students who cannot afford them (Department of Education, 1996). Community and business leaders can also provide financial assistance, and school parents can help each other provide uniforms for their children (Department of Education, 1996). The school alumni can also donate their used uniforms to the less privileged (Department of Education, 1996). IV. The Justification for the Proposal Argument A. Feasibility The implementation of a uniform dress code in public schools is highly feasible, as many school districts have already required their students to observe a dress code. Cherry Hill Elementary was the first public school to subscribe to a mandatory uniform policy (NAESP, 2002). Then Long Beach Unified School District in California followed suit in 1994 (NAESP, 2002). Since then, more and more schools have adopted uniforms. Promowear listed the top ten cities with the most schools with a uniform policy, namely: Los Angeles/Long Beach, New York, Houston, Philadelphia, Dallas/Fort Worth, Washington DC, New Orleans, Detroit, Jacksonville FL, and Atlanta (NAESP, 2002). B. Cost-Effective As a proposition of policy, the implementation of a uniform policy in public schools calls for a change in the status quo. Thus, the cost of this change must be considered. However, if the advantages are weighed against the disadvantages, the implementation of a uniform policy in public schools is cost-effective. As was mentioned above, a mandatory uniform policy comes with several benefits while the disadvantages are only minimal. Furthermore, the disadvantages comprised by the supposed repression of self-expression and additional expenses can be addressed. The U. S. Department of Education recommends that the uniform policy should not prohibit wearing â€Å"expressive items† with uniforms like pins or buttons, for instance, â€Å"so long as such items do not independently contribute to disruption by substantially interfering with discipline or with the rights of others (Department of Education, 1996). † The financial dilemmas can also be solved, as was already mentioned above. C. Does it work? The uniform policy apparently works, as many schools, both public and private, have already been observing a mandatory uniform policy for years. D. How will it be implemented? According to the U. S. Department of Education, the decision to implement a mandatory uniform policy is made by â€Å"states, local school districts, and schools (Department of Education, 1996). † Moreover, in the Manual on School Uniforms by the U. S. Department of Education, it is stated that parents and faculty members must also be involved in the evaluation on whether or not to adopt school uniforms (Department of Education, 1996). V. Moral Acceptability Since there exists an assumption that students have a right to liberty of expression, a sort of controversy springs in the midst of the idea of implementing a dress code. â€Å"Although students retain constitutional rights to freedom of speech and expression, the Supreme Court has held that these rights are limited (Madrid Garcia, 1999). † In fact, the Supreme Court has recently articulated that schools can instill students with â€Å"state sponsored values and ideals;† hence, school officials have the power to regulate expression, especially if they distract such values. Another warrant or assumption might be the aforementioned notion that uniformed students are no different from those who are not. Again, the matter of concern is not individual differences but the safety and well-being of the learning environment and the school population as a whole. VI. Conclusion A mandatory school uniform policy may not be the entire solution to the predicaments regarding crime and violence within public schools, but its positive contributions to making the school environment safe, disciplined, and conducive to learning must be considered. The adoption of a school uniform policy may entail minute disadvantages, but these can be addressed and are minimal compared to the benefits a uniform or dress code policy provides. The students only have to realize that it is for their own good. CNN. (2007). Witness survives by pretending to be dead. Retrieved April 25, 2007, from www. cnn. com/2007/US/04/16/vtech. shooting/index. html Department of Education, U. S. (1996). Manual on School Uniforms [Electronic Version]. Retrieved May 03, 2007 from http://www. ed. gov/updates/uniforms. html. DPI. (2006). Latest Annual Report on School Crime and Violence Released. from www. dpi. state. nc. us/newsroom/news/2005-06 Lumsden, L. , Miller, G. (2002). Dress Codes and Uniforms [Electronic Version]. Retrieved May 03, 2003 from http://www. naesp. org/ContentLoad. do? contentId=417. Madrid, M. J. , Garcia, E. A. (1999). STUDENT DRESS CODES: Constitutional Requirements and Policy Suggestions [Electronic Version]. Retrieved May 03, 2007 from http://www. modrall. com/articles/article_13. html. Middleweb. (2000). Some Thoughts About School Uniforms. Retrieved May 03, 2007, from http://www. middleweb. com/INCASEUniforms. html NAESP. (2002). Public School Uniforms [Electronic Version]. Retrieved May 03, 2007 from http://www. naesp. org/ContentLoad. do? contentId=929. Nieto, M. (1999). Security and Crime Prevention Strategies in California Public Schools. Retrieved May 03, 2007, from www. library. ca. gov/crb/99/12/99-012. pdf Turtel, J. (2005). Public School Prisons. Retrieved April 26, 2007, from www. homefires. com/articles/public_school_prisons. asp

The State of Georgia vs. Evolutionary Biology :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The State of Georgia vs. Evolutionary Biology Douglas J. Futuyma, in Evolutionary Biology defined evolution as, "...change in the properties of populations of organisms that transcend the lifetime of a single individual. The ontogeny of an individual is not considered evolution; individual organisms do not evolve. The changes in populations that are considered evolutionary are those that are inheritable via the genetic material from one generation to the next." (1) Like most of the population, I've never picked up a copy of Evolutionary Biology and have only recently thought about the most correct definition of the term. The issue at hand is that most people do not reference scientific texts when formulating an opinion about evolution. Webster's Dictionary defines evolution as "...the development of a species, organism, or organ from its original or primitive state to its present or specialized state; phylogeny or ontogeny". Evolution, as I have concluded, is a scientific term, which has taken on a more controversial and politicized meaning in the non-scientific community, due in part to misinterpretation and false or misleading definitions like those presented in common publications like Webster's Dictionary. In our society, is it possible to avoid the politicized issues surrounding evolution by giving the concept a new name? In January of 2004, Georgia State Schools Superintendent Kathy Cox proposed a new biology curriculum for students which would remove the term evolution from the classroom and replace it with biological changes over time. According to the Atlanta Journal-Constitution and other regional publications, critics are saying that this change in terminology will weaken students' learning experience. The adjusted biology curriculum would not require a revised textbook, nor would individual public school systems be prevented from teaching evolution in depth if they chose to do so. (2) Yet, even with this flexibility and minimal change to actual curriculum Georgia residents and politicians nationwide are in an uproar. An Atlanta Journal-Constitution online survey found that 12,900 people preferred the term "evolution" as opposed to the 1,783 who were in favor of biological changes over time. Evolution, according to the most scientifically accepted theories is biological change over time. In What Evolution Is, Ernst Mayr presents the same simplified definition, describing evolution as "...change in the properties of populations of organisms over time". (4) If Kathy Cox feels that the theory might be better accepted if it is known as biological changes over time, that is her decision as State Schools Superintendent.

Role of Gertrude in Hamlet

Raquel Tuohy Mrs. Pastor AP Lit/Comp 7 April 2013 Hamlet Perhaps one of the most ambiguous characters in Shakespeare’s Hamlet is the queen, Gertrude. She is Hamlet’s mother and the wife of her dead husband’s brother, King Claudius. As the reader, we only see her briefly, but she still manages to be a central figure in Hamlet playing the role of the elusive and sometimes shallow queen. There are several questions surround the life of Queen Gertrude, starting with even before the play, having to do with the death of her husband, Hamlet’s father.When the play starts, she has already remarried to Hamlet’s Uncle Claudius within such a short amount of time. This is rather surprising and revolting to her son Hamlet, who is still grieving over the loss of his father, but it appears that his mother has already moved on. That could only suggest that perhaps Gertrude was cheating on the king with her brother and her husband’s death was all but convenien t for her. The ghost of Hamlet’s father gives his son disturbing information about the queen, calling her â€Å"that incestuous, that adulterate beast,† (Act I, Scene I).However, there is no definitive proof, nor Shakespeare ever addresses it in the play, leaving his audience with a sense of wonder about the queen’s devotion to her husband. The thing that might intrigue the reader the most about the character of Gertrude is why she married Claudius so suddenly after her husband’s death. Was it because she knew that she needed a man to help her rule? Or was the meaning behind the courtship less malevolent than it appears? There lies the most important question: was it true love or was it politics that brought Claudius and Gertrude together?Hamlet paints the picture of Gertrude as an obedient and devoted woman to his father, but his opinion transforms during the queen’s second marriage. Hamlet doesn’t understand why Gertrude, who is labeled as the â€Å"th’imperial jointress† (Act I, Scene I) to the throne of Denmark, would need to marry someone so rapidly when she already wields power in the royal family. Possibly the most haunting question about Gertrude’s character is whether or not she knows Claudius killed her first husband. This also ties in with the question about Gertrude’s fidelity.If she did cheat on the former king with Claudius than chances are she more than likely had a role in her first husband’s death. Claudius would consider her as an accomplice and confide in her, but he never does throughout Hamlet. Furthermore, Gertrude expresses strong emotions about Ophelia and Hamlet, but never for Claudius, which is strange because they are married. Claudius tells Gertrude that he loves her, but she doesn’t return the sentiment, which again is bizarre because they are husband and wife.There are no definitive textual references about Gertrude’s involvement in her firs t husband’s poisoning. It just is another element of Gertrude’s character that is shrouded in mystery. One redeeming quality about the queen is her unwavering loyalty to Hamlet. She loves her son despite his obvious hostility towards her for marrying Claudius. Plus, Gertrude continues to stand behind him even when he lashes out at her, saying the worse possible things a son could say to his mother.When Hamlet kills Polonius in a moment of madness, Gertrude realizes that she has to tell the king that her son was the one who committed the murder, but she lies to her husband to protect her son. She tells Claudius that Hamlet is contrite and â€Å"weeps for what he has done† (Act IV, Scene I), in order to lessen the punishment that is sure to be inflicted on Hamlet by Claudius. In the final scene of the play, Gertrude expresses her deep concern for Hamlet when he wants to duel Laertes who is grieving over the loss of his father and sister and blames Hamlet for their deaths.At the end of the duel, Gertrude even drinks the wine for Hamlet, not knowing it is laden with poison. Or does she? It is still debated by scholars whether Gertrude knew the wine was toxic or not, but regardless, she didn’t have to drink it. She drank it for Hamlet because her maternal instincts triumphed over Claudius’ warning to leave the poisonous glass of wine alone. Another issue that comes up time in time again in Shakespeare’s play is Hamlet’s fascination, boarding on obsession, with Gertrude’s sex life. It’s trange for a son to be interested in what his mother does behind closed doors, but this piqued curiosity seemed to have started around the time of Gertrude’s second marriage to Claudius. Early on in the play, the reader learns that Hamlet is shaken by his mother’s hasty marriage to Claudius, leading Hamlet to believe that the world is contaminated, like an â€Å"unweeded garden† that’s â€Å"g ross and rank in nature† (Act I, Scene 2). Hamlet’s opinion of his mother may color the reader’s view of Gertrude, seeing her as a vile woman who jumps from one man to the next.There are more questions than answers surrounding Gertrude, the queen of Denmark. We don’t know if she was unfaithful or if she was complicit with Claudius in the murder of her first husband. However, the one attribute in Gertrude that nobody can dispute is the depth of love that she posses for her son. Gertrude is Shakespeare’s most mysterious character because she in intricately woven throughout the play, but her motives remain unclear to the readers.

Equality and Inclusion in Health and Social Care

Promote equality and inclusion in health, social care or childrens and young peoples settings.Explain what is meant by: DiversityThe differences between individuals and groups in society arising from gender, ethnic origins, social, cultural or religious back ground, familtnstructure, disabilities, sexuality and appearance. Equality- is ensuring individuals or groups of individuals are treated fairly and equally and no less favourably, specific to their needs, including areas of race, gender, disability, religion or belief, sexual orientation and age.Inclusion is about equal opportunities for all, whatever their age, gender, ethnicity, attainment and background.Describe the potiential effects of discriminationDiscrimination against children makes them have a low-self esteem and they find life very lonely. They may resentful towards those discriminating them and perform poorly when it comes to activities set for them. They may become defensive and are reluctant to ask for help for fear of ridicule or embarrassment.Explain how inclusive practise promotes equality and supports diversityPromoting inclusion is to help children have positive attitudes towards differences and so reduce the likelihood thst they will develop prejudiced views, you can practise this in ways such as helping children see differnces in a positive way- as interesting and enriching to all our lives and develop positive and respectful attitudes towards people from all walks of life.Explain how legislation and code of practice relating to eqaulity, diversity and discrimination apply to your own work roleThe Equality Act 2010 brings together all previous acts relating to equality and discrimination. The Act applies to all organisations that provide a service to the public. The Act protects all individuals and groups from discrimination. Early years setting must be aware of these laws and have in place a policy regarding equality of opportunities and for supporting children with learning difficulti es and disabilities Providers must also have regard to the SEN code of practice.The EYFS also states that providers have a responsibility to enssure positive attitudes to diversity and difference. Within my setting we have a Equality and Diversity policy and a SEN and disability policy these policies must be followed by staff and integrated in to our working practice. The policies bring together all the main points from the various acts and the requirements of the EYFS.Describe how to challange discrimination in a way that promotes changeYou should never ignore or excuse such discriminatory behaviour any more than you would ignore or excuse someone if they inflicted physical pain on someone else. It must be addressed because if you do not respond and just let the incident pass you are contributing to the person feeling that it is acceptable to speak or behave that way. To promote change you need to change people’s attitude toward other races, sexuality, religion etc.We try to educate our children in my setting about different culture, disabilities by doing things like having time so that children can share their experiences with each other, and encourage them to think of other people’s feelings and share different options with each other and also give them the opportunity to think about what it is like foe other people and ask them to think about themselves in other people shoes.

THE MICROSCOPE EXPERIMENT 1 cells essays

THE MICROSCOPE EXPERIMENT 1 cells essays The use of a microscope is to provide a magnified view of objects (that are being analysed) that are otherwise to small to be seen by the naked eye. They can be described according to their illumination and lens arrangement. (i) Microscopes are able to use either light or electrons as their illumination source, which are respectively known as light powered and electron microscopes. (ii) Monocular microscopes have a single eye piece where as binocular microscopes posses two eye pieces, position side by side for simultaneous viewing with both eyes. (iii) A simple microscope consists of one single lens system where as a compound microscope consists of two main lens systems, an ocular and objective, which are superimposed over each other to provide greater magnification. In Biology, microscopes can also be described according to some specific purpose such as dissecting microscopes, which are commonly referred, as dissectors are especially suitable for use while dissecting very small or delicate specimens. Microscopes are usually equipped with a series of interchangeable eyepiece lenses (oculars), each with different individual magnifications. Majority of ocular magnification is as followed: X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X10, X12, and X15. On a typical monocular microscope objectives magnification found is as followed: To find the overall magnification factor obtained when using any microscope is calculated by the following mathematical formula: OCULAR magnification X OBJECTIVE magnification = OVERALL magnification The condenser lens is situated below the stage and causes light rays to converge on to the specimen situated on the stage, thus illuminating is adequately when magnified by the viewing lens. The amount of light passing through the condenser lens can be varied by opening and closing the iris diaphragm, situated at the bottom of the condenser. (i) To become familiar with the features and function of the monocular ...

Green Sea Turtles essays

Green Sea Turtles essays One of the most fascinating creatures of the sea is the green sea turtle. Green sea turtles, Chelonia mydas, get their name from the color of their body fat, which is green from the algae they eat. The Hawaiian name is Honu. It is believed that green sea turtles are reptiles whose ancestors evolved on land and returned to sea about 150 million years ago. Their species is so ancient that they watched the dinosaurs become extinct. There were once millions of sea turtles world wide, But because of several reasons such as hunting, fishing, marine debris and coastal development, today there are fewer than 200,000 mature females remaining. The green sea turtle is listed as a threatened species and people need to get involved to make sure this beautiful species does not also become extinct. The green sea turtle is one of the largest of sea turtles. Adults can weigh an average of 400 pounds and are often found living near coral reefs and rocky shorelines. Adult sea turtles are herbivores and their diet consists mainly of algae and sea grasses. Juvenile turtles are carnivorous eating things like jellyfish, snails, sponges and seaweed. The life span of a sea turtle is unknown but Hawaiian sea turtles grow very slowly and may take ten to fifteen years to reach sexual maturity. The average age of sexual maturity is around twenty-five years. Although green sea turtles spend most of their lives in the ocean, adult females must return to land to lay their eggs every two to three years. It is believed that green sea turtles return to the same beach in which they were also born. Males accompany the females during this migration, which occurs in the late spring and mate with them off the shores of the nesting beaches. The most popular nesting beaches in Hawaii are on the French Frigate Shoals where it is estimated that 90% of the Hawaiian sea turtles mate and lay their eggs. This amazing journey can be over 600 miles. It is unknown how sea turt...

How to Manage a High-Volume Blog With Your Small Team [PODCAST]

How to Manage a High-Volume Blog With Your Small Team [PODCAST] Have you ever wondered how far ahead you should plan your content schedule and how you should manage your workflow? What do you do to keep everything running smoothly when unexpected projects pop up?   It’s a common challenge and one that many business-owners have struggled with. Today we’re going to be talking to our in-house expert, ’s own Ben Sailer. He’s our blog manager and the one who sends out the emails that you probably receive. We’re going to talk to Ben about planning ahead, keeping on top of your workflow, and honing your publishing process. What Ben’s position as the blog manager of entails. How far ahead Ben plans and how much content he has ready to go at any given time, as well as his thoughts on why planning ahead is important. How communicates with the marketing team so everyone is in the loop at all times. How often the marketing team is publishing content and how they correlate what they’re posting to the day of the week. How Ben gets guest authors and why they are an important addition to the in-house team when it comes to producing content. How the team stays organized with so much going on and what a typical workflow looks like. Ben’s best advice for getting more organized and establishing a marketing calendar. Links: The Blog If you liked today’s show, please subscribe on iTunes to The Actionable Content Marketing Podcast! The podcast is also available on SoundCloud, Stitcher, and Google Play. Quotes by Ben: â€Å"We make a lot of effort to ensure that we don’t ever encounter the fire drill situation where we don’t have content clearly laid out.† â€Å"We do a good job making sure that everybody knows what’s coming up. Nothing should ever be a surprise to anyone.† â€Å"My single best piece of advice I would have is don’t get too overwhelmed.†

Employee Resourcing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Employee Resourcing - Case Study Example The change in the organizations' strategies as well as structures guarantee that the company is present and willing to do more than just provide products and services to the end consumers. It wants to make the people realize that the company is there and wants to do its very best by tailoring its strategies in such a manner that can only benefit them nonetheless. After all, a company or an organization without the target people is nothing more than an office set up with employees and employers working for no one, at the end of the day. Organization is a body of working people, having various types of persons with heterogeneous behaviors interlink with corporate goals and objectives. This cluster of people is grouped in different categories according to their working importance, caliber and productivity at various hierarchical levels. Before we overview the concept of organizational structuring and its impact on employees, lets see the type of organizational structures first. "The established pattern of relationships between the component parts of an organization, outlining both communication, control and authority patterns. Structure distinguishes the parts of an organization and delineates the relationship between them". (Wilson and Rosenfeld, 1990) "The formal pattern of interactions and coordination designed by management to link the tasks of individuals and groups in achieving organizational goals". (Bartol and Martin, 1994) Structuring helps companies to achieve some specific goals: OS provides good business support to business objectives and improves efficiency, profitability, cost allocation, communication and application of policies of company. OS promotes and develops good corporate culture OS helps companies to create employee directions, responsibilities and systems. Line and Staff's clarity of function is also facilitated with OS By all measures, restructuring is a redefining organizational boundary that encompasses a number of different businesses related social and/or marketing objectives. It is a common occurrence that when changes are applied in essence, a number of these people would not digest the same fact in a welcoming manner, in spite of their personal likes and dislikes which they show in the wake of having a changing regime. Usually people show different kinds of change accepting attitudes and this is documented by the fact that they respond in varied manners so to speak. Thus on the basis of their attitudes which they have in line with the development, innovation and adaptation towards new aspects of life, they are usually put into a number of different segments: Innovators (about 2-3%): Are those people who are always open to change, regardless of the nature of change, they end up welcoming it. These people help change's survival even in very crucial circumstances. Early Adopters (10-15%): A bit mature generation of innovators who like innovation but wait till things get into clear shape. Will join the change in early phase but are not jump starters like innovators. Early Majority (30-40%): People who join as pragmatics who rely upon proven wisdom. They contribute to a majority number in masses who join change at any stage. Late Majority (30-40%):

The Original Milgram Experiment 1961 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Original Milgram Experiment 1961 - Essay Example the subjects to any actual risk, except exposing them to a moral pain, which was temporary and in a way necessary to the very nature of the experiment. 3. Though the Burger’s study was conducted 50 years later and was in compliance with the prevalent ethical standards, still he found the obedience rates to be almost identical to what the Milgram found in 1961. This indeed points towards the existence of an essential instinct in the humans to be subservient to the commands of the authority figures, even when those commands tend to be contrary to their moral beliefs. The Burger’s results do open a new area for research in the sphere of human psychology. 4. I personally feel that the researchers also need to focus on the mindset of the subjects who refused to comply with the dictates of the experimenter. The Milgram study makes it essential to understand as to what stops certain people from adhering to the commands of the authority figures, if they are contrary to their moral beliefs. The conclusions drawn in this context could open up immense possibilities in the area of modern

What do you consider to be the major issues facing pblic education Essay

What do you consider to be the major issues facing pblic education today. Address one of the issues in depth, outlining possible causes, effects and resolutions - Essay Example Furthermore, recent budget cuts have even taken place as a result of economic recession. The consequence of decline in public education budget is that teachers are not being paid on time and due to this several teachers have stopped teaching at public schools. The qualities of education being provided to those who are dependent on public schools have even declined as a result of loss of quality teachers. One solution is to increase the budgets for public education by decreasing the budgets allocated to other sectors. Another solution is online education as it requires lower amount of investment (Christensen 1). A third solution is to provide underdeveloped teachers with appropriate training so the quality of education can be increased. One of the significant issues experienced by public education is decrease in the allocation of budget towards education sector. This is a major problem faced by modern day society as due to this issue, the future of society is at stake. Various solutions such as adoption of online education can be implemented to solve this

INDIA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

INDIA - Essay Example Despite their superiority in the war field, other natural factors prevented them from capturing vast areas (Kulke & Rothemund, 34). The Vedic who lived along rivers settled and started doing cultivation. This led to a more settled life. The Vedic gave rise to the Indian culture. As people settled, different classes of people emerged. This was the start of the current caste system in India. The earlier Vedic were classified into Vish(ordinary people), Kshatriya(Warriors) and Rajan (chieftains). The chieftains were selected from the warriors (Kulke & Rothemund, 34). The late Vedic established kingdoms that were headed by a king. The Vedic introduced Buddhism and the Indians philosophy. The introduction of kingdoms led to the building of dynasties. The Vedic moved east and occupied Gangetic plains. This led to the development of Gangetic culture. Mahajanapada rose from the small kingdoms. The Majanapadas gave rise to states after asserting powers on others. Koshalla and Magadha are the few examples of states that were formed during that time. These states continued to expand in Northern India to form bigger Dynasties. Bimbisara of Magadha started the annexation of other states. The Nanda’s dynasty was the first to be formed which gave rise to the Mauryas headed by Chandragupta Maurya. The Gupta dynasty is referred as the golden age of India. It was one of the most successful dynasties. The Mughal Empire was set up by Muslim rulers who unified India. Baber helped the Muslims in capturing most parts of India. Some of the weapons used were brought from the west and helped in defeating its enemies (Kulke & Rothemund, 184). Delhi became the centre of the mogul empire. Akbar, who was uneducated but with a lot of wisdom, became one of the greatest leaders of Mogul empire. He conquered Gujarat and Bengal to grow the size of the Mogul empire. Southern India was fertile and different groups fought to control it. Southern India was close to the

New advancements in police technnologies Research Paper

New advancements in police technnologies - Research Paper Example Administrators must be well skilled in getting technology over a diversity of financial sources. There are several new advancements of police technologies that are currently used. These new technologies as force manifold that progress competence, usefulness as well as officer safety in a various ways. This paper outlines some of these advancements. The first one is the Crime Acts. Currently, there is an influx of a total of flashlights with every an altered specific wavelength intended to perceive hair, fibers, as well as body liquids at crime acts. These lights permit a crime act to be handled quicker and extra methodically than previously. Places formerly inaccessible for influential fluorescence inspection are now available. The compactness of the current crime act inspection light sources brands the furthest of countryside locations. -the second technological advancement is the Car Camera Systems, which has an advanced an appreciated tool to check and ensure a high degree of offi cer expertise (Rostker, 2008). The aptitude to record video film of events involving the public from a patrol car perspective has proven invaluable in such matters as traffic stops, criminal investigations and arrests, internal affairs, and training. These systems are constantly improving and becoming more cost effective. From the time the first in-car cameras were installed to document roadside impaired driving sobriety tests, the cameras have captured both intended and unintended video footage that has established their value (Rostker, 2008). Various video recordings have resulted in convictions; many provide an expedited means to resolve citizen complaints, exonerate officers from accusations, and serve as police training videos. Occasionally, a video ends up on the evening news, as a humorous excerpt on other television programs. Similarly, there is the Photo Implementation Systems, which are automatically generated in red light color defilements and as a result importantly reco ver security for the proceeding public. Presently there are a number of trustworthy merchants of photo implementation systems accessible to societies. In addition, Searching for Individuals are current imaging strategies usually organized for the exploration and liberation assignments where arenas, as well as other topography can be perused very quickly. Specific rate is the exploration of compact brush or even wooded parts where conservative explorations can be problematic. Correspondingly, imagers can be casted off to exploration to dark constructions and new parts for defendants who are walloping and endeavoring to escape anxiety. This device cans as well elite up a heat autograph on the pulverized where a suspect was formerly walloping. Another technological advancement is the Evidence and Deterrence whereby crime acts inquiries are as well assisted by the systems in skimming for physical indication (Raschke, 2009). Also imagers can perceive bothered surfaces for crypts or even other parts that must been excavated up in an effort to hide the bodies, indications, as well as objects. This device can as well scam thoroughfares for exhaust tracks and other scripts which are not noticeable to the bare eye. Preemptive imager investigation allows officers to scam communal parks, communal streets, backstreets and bays lots, communal constructions, conveyance passageways, as well as other

INDIA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

INDIA - Essay Example Despite their superiority in the war field, other natural factors prevented them from capturing vast areas (Kulke & Rothemund, 34). The Vedic who lived along rivers settled and started doing cultivation. This led to a more settled life. The Vedic gave rise to the Indian culture. As people settled, different classes of people emerged. This was the start of the current caste system in India. The earlier Vedic were classified into Vish(ordinary people), Kshatriya(Warriors) and Rajan (chieftains). The chieftains were selected from the warriors (Kulke & Rothemund, 34). The late Vedic established kingdoms that were headed by a king. The Vedic introduced Buddhism and the Indians philosophy. The introduction of kingdoms led to the building of dynasties. The Vedic moved east and occupied Gangetic plains. This led to the development of Gangetic culture. Mahajanapada rose from the small kingdoms. The Majanapadas gave rise to states after asserting powers on others. Koshalla and Magadha are the few examples of states that were formed during that time. These states continued to expand in Northern India to form bigger Dynasties. Bimbisara of Magadha started the annexation of other states. The Nanda’s dynasty was the first to be formed which gave rise to the Mauryas headed by Chandragupta Maurya. The Gupta dynasty is referred as the golden age of India. It was one of the most successful dynasties. The Mughal Empire was set up by Muslim rulers who unified India. Baber helped the Muslims in capturing most parts of India. Some of the weapons used were brought from the west and helped in defeating its enemies (Kulke & Rothemund, 184). Delhi became the centre of the mogul empire. Akbar, who was uneducated but with a lot of wisdom, became one of the greatest leaders of Mogul empire. He conquered Gujarat and Bengal to grow the size of the Mogul empire. Southern India was fertile and different groups fought to control it. Southern India was close to the

Book Report Six Pages Total Double Spaced and The Name Of The Book Is Term Paper

Book Report Six Pages Total Double Spaced and The Name Of The Book Is (So Much Reform) and the aurthor is Charles M. Payne - Term Paper Example The book focuses on the disconnection existent between educational policy and the said realities of urban schools. Payne seeks to define failure and looks into the causes; he refers to them as hardly surprising. In reference to this, the book proves just how much information Payne has accumulated on the said failures about which he writes (Payne, 2008). As regards the causes of failure, Payne indicates that it is due to reformers, policy-makers and school communities that urban schools fail to meet their goals. This is because they focus more on reforms but not what the reforms can do to aid their performance and achievements of the schools they represent. What he considers surprising is the fact that reformers, school communities and policy-makers never seem to learn from the mistakes they make. This is in relation to the knowledge that they accumulate in the process of improving the public school system and lack of implementation of the experiences they acquire. The failure of adults to learn lies in the basis of social issues ranging from racism and poverty to privatization of public interests. Payne shows the relationship between social failures and those that affect public school systems. The dysfunctional social systems result in overall failure of implementation of relevant social and educational understandings (Payne, 2008) . As a result, the thesis of the book revolves around failures of various stakeholders in the education sector and the entire book keeps referring to the point of failure. In addition, according to the thesis, this situation remains repetitive based on mutual demoralization of schools as organizations and manifestation of the irrationality of actions taken by schools. In addition to the thesis statement, Payne intertwines various other concepts of failure in the book to demonstrate his point and air his view openly for open interpretation by members

Civil Rights Movement Essay Example for Free

Civil Rights Movement Essay Gandhi was an Indian civil rights leader. Throughout life he was misunderstood, defied in death and was taken to the point of error. Gandhi took down the British Empire, he improved the governments of the three nations, and he imbued the spirits of a global network of neo-Gandhians, like Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. If anyone could be described as the most adequate civil rights movement leader of the 20th century, it would be Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Gandhi was born on October 2, 1869 and died January 30, 1948. Mohandas Gandhi was the last child of his father and his father’s fourth wife. In his youth years Gandhi was shy, he always spoke in a soft or gentle voice, and wasn’t a neither good nor bad student in school. Although he was an obedient child, one time Gandhi tried eating meat, smoking, and stole a little, which he later regretted. When Gandhi was 13, he married a girl named Kasturba in an arranged marriage. Kasturba and Gandhi had four sons and she supported Gandhis endeavors until her death in 1944. When Gandhi was 23 years old he set-off for South Africa once again, he arrived in British governed Natal in May 1893. Though Gandhi was hoping to earn a little bit of money and gain more knowledge about law, it was in South Africa that Gandhi changed from being a very quiet and shy man to a dedicated leader against discrimination. The beginning of this change happened while he was on a business trip that was taken a little while after he arrived in South Africa. Gandhi was in South Africa for about a week when he was asked to take the long trip from Natal to Transvaal, the province of South Africa for his case. It was supposed to be a several day trip, including transportation by train and by stagecoach. When Gandhi went on the first train of his journey at the Pietermartizburg station, railroad officials told Gandhi that he needed to move to the third-class passenger car. When Gandhi refused to move because he was holding first-class passenger tickets, a policeman came and threw him off the train. That wasn’t the end of the unfair treatment that Gandhi suffered on this trip. Gandhi wen and talked to the other Indians in South Africa. He found out that his experiences with the policemen were not rare mistakes, but instead these types of problems were common. During that first night of his trip, he sat in the cold outside of the railroad station after being thrown off the train, Gandhi debated whether he should go back home to India or fight the discrimination for all people. After thinking it through, Gandhi decided that he could not let the discrimination continue and that he was going to fight so that he could change the discrimination in South Africa forever. Gandhi spent the next twenty years working on improving Indians rights in South Africa. During the first three years, Gandhi learned more about Indian complaints that were made, studied the law, wrote letters to officials, and organized petitions. On May 22, 1894, Gandhi created the Natal Indian Congress (NIC). The NIC started as an organization for rich Indians, Gandhi worked hard and long to expand its membership to all classes and people who were in a high position. Gandhi became known for his activism. His acts were covered by newspapers in England and India. In a few short years, Gandhi had become a leader of the Indian community in South Africa. In 1896, after living three years in South Africa, Gandhi took a trip to India with the intention of bringing his wife and two sons back with him. In India, there was a deadly plague outbreak. Since back then they believed that poor health and hygiene were the cause of the plagues, Gandhi offered to help search for toilets, especially ones on a military base and offer suggestions for better supplies. Others were willing to search the toilets of the wealthy; Gandhi personally searched the toilets of the untouchables as well as the rich. He found that it was the wealthy that had the worst hygiene and health problems. After spending twenty years in South Africa helping fight discrimination, Gandhi finally decided it was time to head back home to India on July 1914. When World War I broke out during his journey, Gandhi decided to stay and help by forming another ambulance corps of Indians to help the British. As World War I reached its finale, it was time for Gandhi to focus on the fight for Indian politics. In 1919, the British gave Gandhi something worth fighting for the Rowlett Act. This Act gave the British in India nearly no restrictions to root out revolutionary elements and to restrain them for sure without trial. In addition to this Act, Gandhi organized a huge protest, which began on March 30, 1919. Even though Gandhi called off the protest, once he heard about the violence, over 300 Indians had died and over 1,100 were injured from British war in the city of Amritsar. The violence that formed from the protest showed Gandhi that the people didn’t fully believe in the power of Satyagraha. On March 1922, Gandhi was jailed for rebellion and was sentenced to six years in prison. After two years, Gandhi was released due to illness and needed surgery to treat his appendicitis. Upon his release, Gandhi found his country mixed up in violent attacks between Muslims and Hindus. As self-punishment for the violence, Gandhi began a 21-day fast, known as the Great Fast of 1924. Still ill from his recent surgery, many people thought he would die on day twelve, but he pulled through. The fast created a temporary peace treaty. Also during this decade, Gandhi began giving support as a way to gain freedom from the British. Unfortunately, not everyone was too happy with this peace plan. There were a few basic Hindu groups who believed that India should never have been divided. They blamed Gandhi for the separation. On January 30, 1948, the 78year old Gandhi spent his last day like all the other days. The majority of the day was spent debating problems with numerous groups and individuals. A few minutes past 5 p.m., when it was time for the prayer meeting, Gandhi started the walk to Birla House. A crowd had surrounded him while he walked; he was helped by two of his grandnieces. In front of him, a young Hindu boy named Nathuram Godse stopped before to greet him by bowing. Gandhi bowed back. Then Godse rushed forward with a gun and shot Gandhi three times with a black, semi-automatic pistol. Although Gandhi had survived five other assassination attempts, this time, Gandhi fell to the ground, dead.

Contract of Hire Purchase Answer

Contract of Hire Purchase Answer FOUNDLING FINANCE LIMITED Claimant and MISS DIANE DALY and MR DEREK DOBSON Defendant OPINION I am asked to advise Miss Diane Daly and Derek Dobson (â€Å"the defendants†) with regard to their contract of hire-purchase with Foundling Finance Limited for the purchase of a ‘Nuffield’ knitting machine from Saffron Supplies Limited. This contract is the basis of an action in the Dover County Court against Miss Daly and Mr Dobson for repayment of arrears, and interest thereon, for the period from 3rd January to 3rd April. I am asked to advise whether Miss Daly and Mr Dobson are still bound by the terms of the hire-purchase contract, and if not, what type of compensation they may recover by way of damages. Conclusions In summary, I would advise that the defendants were entitled to disregard the hire-purchase contract after they found out the representations of Mr Stone about the fitness of the ‘Nuffield’ for the intended type of work were false. That this right probably subsisted and was exercisable on the 16th January 2006 but can only be determined with further information. The compensation available largely depends on the success of the rejection action. If the defendants are successful then they will be able to recover their money that they have paid and hand back the knitting machine as if they had never been in the contract. If they are unsuccessful they will be left with the residuary claim in damages for the purchase price of the ‘Newmark’ knitting machine and breach of contract but will be liable to keep paying the hire-purchase contract. I have also advised that some more investigation may be required to ascertain whether any further losses have been incurred. Finally, I have been cognisant of Miss Daly’s concerns surrounding the high APR of the hire-purchase agreement and have therefore attached a consideration of whether the bargain may be considered extortionate. Contract On the 3rd October 2005 the defendants went to Saffron Supplies in Sandwich. They entered into a hire-purchase contract for the supply of a ‘Nuffield’ knitting machine for their fashion design business. According to Miss Daly, their business specialises in the knitting of thick wool garments. They took samples of their wool and made it clear to Mr Stone that the sewing machine had to be capable of knitting those types of fibres. Mr Stone replied that the machine was ‘man enough’ to handle such fibres and on the back of which the defendants entered the hire-purchase contract with Foundling Finance Limited. A matter of importance in the formation of this contract is whether or not you entered as a consumer. If you’re not then clause 12 of the hire-purchase contract may exclude any implied term of fitness for purpose. It appears as though the key matters are whether the contract is one which is regularly entered into by the buyer or bought for a distinctive business purpose (R B Customs Brokers Co Ltd v. United Dominions Trust [1988] 1 ALL ER 847). This will depend on the nature of the business and whether this particular sewing machine was integral to the defendants business. These are again facts which the Instructing Solicitors will need to ascertain in particular look at whether there have been any other sewing machines purchased? How was the ‘Nuffield’ used in the business? Was it used for any personal purposes? Breach of Contract The first issue is whether or not the hire-purchase contract was breached when it became evident that the ‘Nuffield’ knitting machine was unfit for knitting the type of fibres that the defendants use in their business. The difficulty will be whether or not we can establish the conversation between the defendants and Mr Stone as to its fitness for the knitting of the thick wool because it was purely oral. The evidence of both the defendants will be critical – Could instructing solicitors please ascertain more details of the conversation. Was Mr Dobson party to the conversation with Mr Stone? If so, what did he hear? How much was the issue of fibres stressed as important to Mr Stone? The obvious difficulty will be that the evidence of Mr Dobson could turn out to be hearsay unless he was party to the conversation. The strength of this argument will become clearer when we have an indication of Foundling Finance’s or Mr Stone’s stance on the issue; currently I only have Miss Daly’s statement as to the matter. It would seem pragmatic to assume that Mr Stone will be a difficult witness for two reasons; he presumably deals with many customers which may make his recall of a conversation that he had seven months ago rather vague and a fear of losing his job could cause him to be a completely useless witness for us. It isn’t clear from my instructions whether Foundling Finance have acknowledged this claim by the defendants but it seems safe to assume that they will deny it given that an admission would bar their current action in the County Court. However if we can establish the oral assurances by Mr Stone then breach of contract will be more likely. The Implied term of fitness for purpose under Consumer Credit Act 1974 will have been breached as long as the facts bear out consumer status, as I advised above. If we cannot establish consumer status we may have to rely on more general common law considerations .In particular Harlingdon Leinster Ltd v. Christopher Hull Fine Art Ltd [1991] 1 QB 564 which argues that even where the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 doesn’t apply the totality of the negotiations will be looked at and the exclusion of an implied term of fitness for purpose, as Foundling Finance Limited have done, maybe disregarded. The strength of this argument will largely depend on the oral evidence which is lead at trial and will depend on the information which I have requested above. Repudiation of Contract The success of maintaining the breach of contract will also rely on whether we can establish the defendants effectively rejected the contract by their letter of the 16th January. This is fundamentally an issue of fact which will need to be ascertained by the Instructing Solicitors. Short of an outright denial, as suggested above, Foundling Finance will likely attempt to argue that either the defendants accepted the breach through acting inconsistently with the ownership of the seller or through lapse of a reasonable time. In order to give my opinion on the strength of this argument could the Instructing Solicitors ascertain facts regarding the dates of the various repairs and more details about the communications between Saffron Supplies and the defendants regarding the repairs. What date was the third repair? Were the repair men’s concerns communicated to the defendants orally or in writing? Were both defendants present at all of the repairs? Was the Knitting machine used at any point between the third repair and the purchase of the ‘Newgate’ knitting machine? The ‘lapse of a reasonable time’ is the test for acceptance of a breach under the Consumer Credit Act 1974 therefore these factors will be critical. If there was a significant period of time between the third repair and the 16th January then I would advise that the Defendants attempt to argue rescission by misrepresentation under the Misrepresentation Act 1967 which is not subject to the same time-constraints as the rejection argument under the Consumer Credit Act 1974. However, I have some doubt as to the strength of this argument not least because it appears never to have been attempted in any reported cases. A critical issue for the success of refuting any defences by Foundling Finance will be the ability to prove that the letter was actually sent. Therefore could the Instructing Solicitors please find out whether Miss Daly has any proof of postage or proof that Foundling received the letter? The copy letter that I received looks as though it was word processed and it may be possible to establish postage through the creation date of the file. According to Miss Daly, she also telephoned the finance company to express her concerns; it would be extremely useful if the Instructing solicitors could ascertain more details about these telephone calls. Does Foundling Finance record phone-calls? When were they made? What exactly was stated in those telephone calls? In my opinion, in order to clarify the issues in dispute between the parties, we should contact Foundling Finance’s representatives to see whether they dispute either the letters or the telephone calls. It maybe that we could then avoid applying for disclosure of evidence Compensation There is a distinction to make between the situation where we can establish that the defendants effectively rejected the contract and where they failed to do so therefore I have treated the separately under this heading. Many of the grounds of damages will be interlinked between the various substantive claims in law. However, if we cannot realistically establish a breach of contract at all then as I am sure Instructing Solicitors will appreciate we have no defence or counterclaim to the current action. If the latter occurs my opinion is that you enter a defence and counter-claim in any case and attempt to settle and avoid some of the interest. (i) If rejection is effective The difference between the two grounds turns on whether or not the sums paid, by my calculation  £3194.57 (that being the November, December and January payments and the two-thousand pound deposit paid on 3rd October 2005), will be recoverable and whether the hire-purchase contract is at an end. I appreciate what a big difference this will make to the defendants. If the rejection is effective then the aim of the court is to put the two parties back in the same position so the money paid will be recoverable and there will be no obligation to continue paying the hire-purchase agreement. However, if rejection is not effective there is in most cases still an action for damages for breach of contract but there is no possibility of ending the contract other than the statutory termination powers in the Consumer Credit Act 1974. (ii) If rejection is not effective As the Instructing Solicitors will appreciate in these circumstances we are limited purely to claiming for purely breach of contract financial losses rather than any emotional losses. However, it is clear that there have been certain losses that will have been caused by the breach in contract. The defendants will remain liable to pay the instalments, including the arrears, if they fail to establish their rejection this is because all the express conditions of the contract will still be enforceable and as a result the defendants will be in breach of contract until they remedy the arrears, along with interest which has been contractually included. (a) Purchase of the ‘Newgate’ It is unclear whether the defendants can claim for the purchase of the ‘Newgate’. It certainly can be characterised as a cost of mitigating the loss which they had initially suffered by Foundling’s breach of contract (as per Bacon v. Cooper (Metals) Limited [1982] 1 ALL ER 397). However, the question of whether it is reasonable will depend on a number of factors which would perhaps require the opinion of an expert. It would be necessary to quantify whether the price paid was reasonable for the product? Whether there were cheaper alternatives available on the market? It seems likely that it would be possible to claim for the whole purchase price of the ‘Newgate’ despite the fact that it may be a better product and leave the defendants in a better position. It seems analogous to Bacon where the court held that replacement of a new item for an old item which became broken didn’t entitle the defendants to reduce the damages to the value of the old item. (b) Loss of Earnings / Damage to Wool. Aside from the purchase of the ‘Newgate’ Miss Daly is of the opinion that her business has not suffered through the breach of contract. However, with all respect to Miss Daly, she is not to my knowledge legally qualified and it would be a breach of professional ethics if we just accept her judgement on this issue. It would be useful if the Instructing Solicitors can check this. In particular: Did the machine not stop being workable for at least three separate twenty-four hour periods? Was there any wool damaged by the machine? What about wasted time waiting for repairmen? It is likely that we can claim these as damages and I am of the opinion that there will be something other than the replacement sewing machine which the defendants can claim for. (c) Extortionate Bargain According to Miss Daly, she feels horrified at the level of the interest that she had to pay for the knitting machine which naturally leads to concerns over whether this hire-purchase agreement could be considered extortionate under the Consumer Credit Act 1974. This could form part of the counter-claim if it can be established. The salient point of the credit agreement is the extremely high APR of 46.2%. In line with A.Ketley Limited v. Scott [1981] ICR 241 the correct approach is to look at whether the rate of interest is extortionate in comparison to other sorts of transactions. I am of course not an expert and thus not qualified but given that the amount repayed will be 161% of the value of the item and that the APR seems to be extremely high at a period of time when interest rates are relatively lower than they have been in the last couple of decades it certainly seems arguable. I think it would be necessary for the Instructing Solicitors to obtain some sort of expert evidence on this point or perhaps some diligent research. In particular – what level of risk is assumed by Foundlings Finance? What sort of experience and means did the defendants have at the time of the agreement? The purpose of arguing this would not so much be as compensation but if Miss Daly was unable to establish a rejection of the contract it could be extremely useful in making the remainder of the payments more equitable. In particular I could ask the court to alter the terms of the credit agreement under s.139 of the Consumer Credit Act 1974. I am not overly confident about the success of this argument because generally the court have been reluctant to find bargains extortionate because of the ordinary principles of fair dealing and even where high APR’s have existed such as in Grangewood Securities v Ellis (unreported 23 November 2000) an APR of 35.4% on its own was not held to be extortionate. My largest reservation is that both Miss Daly and Mr Dobson will be construed by the court as business people who ought to have been more aware (this was a factor in A.Ketley). Next Steps I would advise that we enter a defence and counter-claim to the current action that Foundlings Finance has risen. However, before it calls I would suggest that a letter setting out the key elements of our case be sent to the other side because until now they haven’t appeared to have responded to our claims. I would hope that the Instructing Solicitors would be able to settle this case in the meantime. In that event I would be happy to advise on the terms of such a settlement or a Part 36 offer. In particular, it would put the defendants in a strong bargaining position if they can establish whether or not any other damages were sustained by the defendants such as loss of earnings or destruction of property. If you do wish me to advise then please could such instructions include further items of evidence that I have requested throughout this opinion. IN THE DOVER COUNTY COURT Case No. DV6/49215 BETWEEN FOUNDLING FINANCE LIMITED Claimant / Part 20 Defendant and MISS DIANE DALY MR DEREK DOBSON Defendants / Part 20 Claimants DEFENCE AND COUNTERCLAIM Paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 of the Particulars of Claim are admitted. Save that the Defendants admits that they have not paid instalments on all the relevant dates, it is denied that they are due to be paid as alleged in Paragraph 4 or at all. On 16th January 2006 the Defendant’s rejected the contract for breach of the implied condition of fitness for purpose under the Consumer Credit Act 1974 . A copy of the Defendant’s letter to the Claimants confirming the above is attached to the defence and counterclaim. Paragraph 5 is admitted. The defendants are and were at all relevant times a partnership carrying on business as fashion designers. The Claimants are and were at all relevant times a limited company carrying on business as a provider of consumer credit. The ‘Nuffield’ knitting machine was supplied to the defendants by Saffron Supplies Limited, 6 Shadwell Street, Sandwich (â€Å"the suppliers†) in terms of the Consumer Credit Act 1974. Whereas it is admitted that a hire-purchase contract was entered into as set out in Paragraph 5 of the Particulars of Claim, prior to the signing of said contract, on 3rd October 2005, it was orally agreed by Mr Scott Stone of the suppliers that the said ‘Nuffield’ knitting machine would be capable of knitting specific thick wool as used in the Defendants fashion design business. A sample of said wool was exhibited to Mr Stone by the first defendant for the confirmation of the same. It is averred that in consequence of this conversation, the defendants entered the said contract and that it was implied term that the said knitting machine would be fit for the said purpose. On the 3rd October 2005 The Defendants paid a deposit of  £2000 to the Claimants and paid instalments on 3rd November 2005, 3rd December 2005 and 3rd January 2005. The amount of these instalments plus the deposit was  £3194.57 Between 3rd October 2005 and 16th January 2006 the Defendants complained on three occasions to Saffron Supplies Limited that the said knitting machine had broken. On the first two occasions representatives of the suppliers diagnosed the same as being due to minor problems which were rectified without charge. On the third occasion they diagnosed the breakage as being due to the inability of the said knitting machine to knit the said thick wool fibres. The Defendants refused to pay for the cost of repairing said knitting machine in consequence of which the suppliers thereafter failed and/or refused to repair the said knitting machine at the time. By various phone-calls to the Claimant in or about January 2006 the Defendants demanded the repair of the said knitting machine. Despite this, the Defendant thereafter unlawfully failed and / or refused to arrange repair of said knitting machine. By reason thereof the Defendant sent the said letter of the 16th January 2006 which duly informed the Claimants within a reasonable period of time of their intention to reject the said hire-purchase contract because they had breached the said implied condition and the Defendants are consequently not liable thereon, further the Defendant’s demanded (without prejudice to his claim for damages herein) return of the said  £3194.57 and stated that they would exercise a lien over the said knitting machine until the same had been done.. In the circumstances it is denied that the Claimant is entitled to the relief claimed or any relief for the reasons alleged or at all. Further or alternatively, the Defendants will seek to set off against the Claimant’s claim the matters set out in the Counterclaim below, so as to reduce it or extinguish it altogether. COUNTERCLAIM The Defendants repeat their Defence herein. The hire-purchase agreement has an Annual Percentage Rate (APR) of 46.2% which it is averred is much higher than hire-purchase agreements for other knitting machines and comparable items. In the Circumstances, the said hire-purchase agreement is extortionate pursuant to section 139, Consumer Credit Act 1974. By reason of the Claimant’s said breach of contract the Defendant’s were unable to knit their wool fibres and by reason thereof the Defendants have suffered loss and damage. PARTICULARS By reason of the Defendant’s said breach of contract, the Claimant suffered additional loss and damage, in that they were forced to purchase a similar knitting machine elsewhere, about January 2006 the Defendants purchased a ‘Newgate’ knitting machine at a price of  £9,500. Wasted Time during said repair visits. Cost of Wool Material damaged by said ‘Nuffield’ knitting machine.[1] Further the Defendants are entitled to and counterclaims interest on the sum found due to them for such period and at such rate as the court may think fit pursuant to section 69, County Courts Act 1984. The value of this action exceeds  £5,000 but does not exceed  £15,000. AND the Defendants Counterclaim: Refund of the said Deposit and three instalments of  £3194.57 Interest pursuant to statute as aforesaid. Further or Alternatively; Damages for breach of contract Further or Alternatively; An order that the said hire-purchase agreement is extortionate and that the APR be judicially altered to a more reasonable APR. Statement of Truth I believe (the Defendant believes) that the facts stated in this Defence and Counterclaim are true. Signed†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ DATED thisDay of2006 Bibliography Atiyah, P.S., Adams, John MacQueen, Hector ‘The Sale of Goods’ 2005 / Pearson-Longman / 11th edition. Bridge, Michael ‘The Sale of Goods’ 2000 / Oxford University Press / 1st edition Doonan, Elmer Foster, Charles ‘Drafting’ 2000 / Cavendish Publishing / 1st edition. Inns of Court School of Law ‘Opinion Writing’ 2003 / Oxford University Press Marshall, Enid ‘Scots Mercantile Law’ 1997 W.Green / Sweet Maxwell Edinburgh / 3rd edition. Rose, William M. ‘Pleadings Without Tears: A Guide to Legal Drafting Under the Civil Procedure Rules’1999 / Blackstone Press Limited / 5th edition. 1 Footnotes [1] I have added these in the case that they can be proved as per my opinion.

Chemical Transport During Surface Irrigation :: Agriculture Farming Papers

Chemical Transport During Surface Irrigation Surface irrigation, the most prominent method used for irrigating agricultural crops, is the flowing of water across the field surface. As the water flows, it infiltrates into the soil. The amount of water applied to the field is regulated by the length of time that the water is allowed to flow. Surface irrigation can be subdivided into following four types based the amount of water flow control; wild flooding, graded boarders, level boarders and furrow irrigation. Wild flooding uses a series of field ditches running parallel or perpendicular to the fields' contour. Water is introduced into the field either be overflowing the ditches or by siphon. Once the water enters the field, the water is allowed to flow uncontrolled under the force of gravity. The water then infiltrates the soil as it moves across the field. The graded boarder method is similar to wild flooding except that the field is divided into a series of smaller narrower fields varying from 10 to 20 meters wide and 100 to 400 meters long. Each of these smaller fields is surrounded by a low ridge that keeps the water from spreading to much laterally. This method gives some control over the flow of water. Level boarder irrigation is similar to the graded boarder method except that the field is leveled within the low ridges surrounding it. Water can be introduced into the field at a faster rate so the field is covered much quicker. The water is then allowed to infiltrate into the soil. Furrow irrigation chanalizes the water into narrow furrows running the length of the field perpendicular to the contour of the field. This submerges only about one fifth of the soil surface. As the water flows down the furrow it infiltrates into the soil below and to the sides of the furrow. All four of these methods result in excess water being applied to the field to ensure that the far ends of the field are adequately watered. This means that there will be water running off the field on the downhill side of the field. A ditch is run along the side of the field to collect this water and remove it from the field. This excess water is of concern from a water quality standpoint. Almost all crops grown in the united states are done so under intense fertilization and pest control programs that result in large amounts of fertilizers and pesticides being applied to the soil and crop itself.

10 Time Tested Tips To Quickly Avoid Plagiarism

Ten Tips on how to avoid plagiarism: Students’ GuideHow to Avoid Plagiarism?When writing a college essay or a research paper, chances are that you will need to consult various sources to develop your ideas. However, you must show where the ideas or quotes are coming from, otherwise, you would be accused of plagiarism. In this guide, we will explore how best to avoid plagiarism. First of all, let us just say that there are so many articles out there which try to explain avoiding plagiarism. As a matter of fact, when we asked Google, we came across over 308,000 results. Doing this research will get you some good recommendations, but beware bad recommendation including using free plagiarism checker. I will explain why in a second. We believe what drives everyone crazy is the fact that so many of these articles are written with the intent to promote a company than trying to provide valuable information. In other cases we came across information that was just seasonal. So, that’s what brings us to this particular topic, how to avoid plagirism. Let’s dive right in†¦ Simply put, plagiarism is any instance of taking another person’s or author’s ideas or research and representing it as your own. Most colleges and universities have advanced plagiarism detection systems, and if you are caught, you will get penalties. Here is brief guide that describes how to check for plagiarism. The consequences for being caught having plagiarising in your work can be very severe, with punishments ranging from exclusion from a course to expulsion from university; even – in some instances – to court hearings. However, plagiarism is not always committed intentionally; most plagiarised essays or dissertations are simply improperly referenced, or where students inadvertently mix their own ides with those of another, without referencing. We have already provided a guide that goes in a lot of detail regarding how to paraphrase essays and dissertations. Yes, this is all Plagiarism – Examples of Plagiarism If you use a friend’s essay to submit without changes as your own, or using a part of it to construct your own work, without referencing, and without adequate research, you will be accused of plagiarism. Universities have advanced systems to prevent cheating, and all dissertations, essays, and coursework are submitted through TurnItIn, a system that holds all student work from thousands of universities, and detects abnormal similarity levels. You can certainly check how Turnitin works, by clicking on this link provided here. Using copyrighted material from a website or online sources. You are not allowed to use some sources in your work, and this is clearly stated. This can be patents, invention, artwork, or even studies. Some sources you come across when doing your research will state that the content is copyrighted, or you need the author’s permission to use it. Building your argument on one particular work w ithout adequately referencing it. While you might not use direct quotes from the source, you still need to give credit either in the list of sources or in your footnotes, otherwise, you will be accused of plagiarism. Rewriting an original work. Some students want to save time and energy by using an original essay and trying to rewrite it using different phrases, without changing the meaning. Even though you might have a unique content, similarities will be revealed by the advanced systems universities use, and you will be caught. Direct quotes without adequate referencing. When quoting word-for-word, you need to use quotation marks, and make sure that you provide the author’s name and publication year, along with the page number, based on the required referencing style. Collusion. If you collaborate with other people to complete the essay, research, or course work, you need to acknowledge this in your essay. University Guidelines to Avoid Plagiarism When you start your course, you will be provided with a guide on how to avoid plagiarism by your institution. Make sure that you read through the guidelines, requirements for referencing, and the policies, in particular focus on the penalties issued for breaching the code of academic conduct. You also need to familiarise yourself with the referencing methods expected by your university. You can learn to incorporate Harvard Style or APA style thru our site, make sure you check out our site Journal. Tips on Avoiding Plagiarism If you use direct quotations from books, journal articles, or internet sources, always use a quotation mark, followed by the in-text reference, including the page number. If you use a website as a source, include the paragraph number instead of the page number. Reference all the sources you used. If the idea was mentioned and presented by more than one author and sources, you need to list them all, if you consulted with the papers. If you are referring to multiple sources highlighting an issue or explaining a phenomenon, give details of all of them. If you conduct interviews or ask for advice from experts, discuss your topic with other people, you have to reference their input. Find out how to reference interviews and personal correspondence to avoid plagiarism by checking out our APA referencing guide. Paraphrase. Instead of quoting everything word-for-word, you can integrate the literature you consulted with in a few sentences and provide a reference for each source. You do not have to be exact, and you will need to show your understanding of the idea by putting it into your own words. Check and double check your reference list. One of the most common mistakes students make is that they quote certain sources, but they forget to list them in their bibliography or works cited page. After you finish writing your essay or research paper, go through the content and check that all sources are included in the reference list. This is a habit that will help you avoid plagiarism. Provide a full reference for all internet sources. While you might be tempted to simply mention the name of the website you retrieved the information from, this is not acceptable in academic writing. You need to find out who the author of the blog post or article is, and include their name in your references along with the date of publication. If you do not know the name of the author, you can simply use â€Å"Anon†, but never omit this information. Check Cre ative Commons agreements. You might want to use an image of a company’s logo or store as an illustration for your dissertation and essay, however, you need to check the usage rights before you do. Always search images and graphics through the Creative Commons website, and only use sources you are allowed to. Use advanced tools to detect plagiarism. You can use different tools, such as Grammarly or PaperRater to detect plagiarism before you submit your essay or course work to your university. Always be wary of FREE plagiarism scanning tool. Some companies might take your work publish it later down the road or in some cases it might be online within weeks. So, to avoid any problems, it is always better to pay for scanning your Essays. Always make it clear who stated what. You need to avoid ambiguity and always place the in-text reference after the quote or paraphrase. This way, the reader can easily associate the thought with the source. When in doubt, always cite. Citing more than necessary is always better than omitting citations. Add references when you feel like your paper could benefit from them.How Does our site Ensure Quality with No Plagiarism?As many of you know our Brand is reputable and respected in the online content world. We employ staff that can deliver quality work with the guarantee of 2.1 quality document. In addition, we promise to provide our clients Quality work that is never plagiarised or copied from anywhere with unlimited Edits. Every piece of work that is handed to you will be custom written just for you. We guarantee it. As a matter of policy, our site always performs two Plagiarism checks on each document. Each work is scanned and checked internally before you get it. Each piece of work goes thru manual review to make sure a third party reviews each and every document. By doing so, we ensure our clients are protected. If you have any doubts, you could request a plagiarism report. Do You Need Help with Avoiding Plagiarism? If you would like to make sure that you avoid plagiarism in your essay, you can contact the professional academic editors at our site to look through, edit, and improve your citations. Contact us to get professional help. Check out our sample Essay: Money Makes the World Go Round Summary Reviewer John – our site Admin Review Date 2017-08-18 Reviewed Item How to Avoid Plagiarism? Author Rating 5

Norman Rockwell’s Paintings

Norman Rockwell is a very imaginative character. He was able to paint images that captured the attention of millions. The first picture on page 22 is â€Å"A Family Tree†. It ends with a man, a woman, and a child. Because this is a family tree, we can infer that this is a husband, a wife, and their child. The second picture, â€Å"Freedom from Want†, shows a family gathering on a dinner table. That event could be what is known as Thanksgiving Dinner. The third picture, â€Å"Freedom from Fear†, shows a mom and a dad tucking there kids into bed. Now just by looking at these paintings, evidence of what they represent is pretty straight forward. This is the idealistic view of what families should look like about 50 years ago, known as the golden age for children to grow up. A little closer look, though, would reveal a different view upon these pictures. It is said that these paintings are a bit naive. The family tree starts off as what look like pirates. This is no way to represent an ideal family. In this tree, marriages from different classes of people collide to then form the perfect couple. And what about the second picture; everyone is sitting at the table with a smile on. Let’s get real people; every family has its conflicts. The last picture shows the parents putting their kids to bed and giving them comfort. Now take a look at the heading of the newspaper that the father is holding. â€Å"Bombings† and â€Å"Horror† are words that appear. Ironically, a glance at the facial expressions of the parents shows them to be very calm. I don’t know about you but I’d be pretty shaken if those were the headlines of my daily paper. The â€Å"Family Tree† painting compares with the photo of Thomas Jefferson’s tombstone. This is because the â€Å"Family Tree†, though from the same family, represents different types of people. Next to the tombstone, you also find different types of people, ranging from black to white. Each image has a different symbol, but both images represent â€Å"family. † The family tree is hereditary family, while the tombstone is national family working together as one to accomplish and make up what is now The United States of America.

Reverse Osmosis for Wastewater Recycling Essay

Reusing treated wastewater for beneficial purposes, such as agricultural and landscape irrigation, industrial processes, toilet flushing, or groundwater basin replenishment, is growing in response to environmental and economic concerns. One of the key factors involved in recycling wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent for another use is the need to reduce total dissolved solids (TDS). This is often done by using a reverse osmosis (RO) system, which relies on pressure differential to force a solution (in this case, water) through a membrane that retains the solute on one side and allows the pure solvent to pass to the other side. While extremely effective on biologically treated wastewater, RO systems need to be coupled with an effective pretreatment system to avoid common issues that can result in system failure, including plugging, fouling, and scaling. One of the most effective pretreatment options for wastewater applications is membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology, in which a membrane process like ultrafiltration (UF) or microfiltration is combined with a suspended growth bioreactor. MBR provides high quality feed water to the RO, minimizes footprint and the cost of civil works, and reduces treatment plant downtime, thereby reducing operating costs. Koch Membrane Systems’ PURON ® submerged MBR technology has successfully been used as the pretreatment option for challenging industrial and municipal water reuse RO systems, and can help make water recycling technologies more cost-effective. Reverse Osmosis Systems Present Challenges for Water Reuse Pretreatment methods are critical when designing RO systems. For example, RO membranes used for most water reuse applications contain a brine spacer, typically made of low density polyethylene mesh netting. If there is a high level of suspended solids in the feed water, this brine spacer can become plugged. Another issue is the high levels of organics contained in many biologically treated wastewaters, which are rejected by the RO membrane and progressively concentrated as the water flows across the membranes. This concentration of organics can foul the membrane, especially towards the RO system outlet. Biofouling can also occur, because the organics in wastewater make an excellent food source for microorganisms. Also, some treated wastewaters contain high levels of bacteria, so biogrowth may occur quickly even if RO feed water is disinfected. Finally, calcium phosphate scaling can cause problems with RO systems operating on some wastewaters. The scaling can be mitigated by operating at lower water recovery, using acid or other antiscalant to minimize scaling, or modifying the operating conditions of the WWTP to reduce the amount of phosphate in the RO feed. These plugging, fouling, and scaling issues mean that the RO system needs to be operated at higher pressures, leading to increased power consumption, increased chemical costs for cleaning, and a shorter membrane life. How can these challenges be minimized and overall water reuse system lifecycle costs reduced? Effective pretreatment of the feedwater before it flows through the RO system is the answer, provided that the pretreatment steps are chosen carefully to ensure that the RO system can work as intended. Reverse Osmosis Pretreatment Options There are many different pretreatment options, and the best for a particular process depends on power, chemical, labor and land costs, wastewater source, and the existing wastewater treatment system. Conventional Pretreatment The conventional effluent pretreatment scheme might be primary treatment, biological treatment and, the most crucial part of the process, solids-liquid separation using secondary clarification. The conventional sedimentation process often doesn’t remove enough bacteria and suspended solids, so sand filtration may be added to improve the solids-liquid separation and provide higher quality water to feed the RO system. Using ferric chloride along with the sand filtration may enhance solids and organics removal. However, upsets in the secondary clarifier can lead to effluent with higher levels of TSS and BOD, causing plugging of the brine spacer with suspended solids and organic fouling. Also, power consumption for RO systems with this type of pretreatment tends to be high, and membrane life is often quite short. Lime-softening has been somewhat more successful in protecting the RO membranes, but this increases operating costs and does not totally prevent fouling of RO membranes. Ultrafiltration Improves Suspended Solids Removal As RO Pretreatment Many of today’s water reuse systems use an ultrafiltration (UF) pretreatment step to emove suspended solids. These systems typically use hollow fiber UF membranes, which do an excellent job of providing water with low suspended solids to feed the RO system. However, the UF system is an extra treatment step, requiring additional footprint, and adding to operating costs. The UF system may also be susceptible to upsets from a conventional WWTP, which can further increase its operating costs. Membrane Bioreactor As RO Pretreatment With an MBR, the UF membranes are submerged in the activated sludge to combine the biological step and the solid-liquid separation into a single process. The membrane acts as a barrier, which improves the effluent quality. The MBR eliminates the secondary clarifier and does not rely on gravity for liquid-solids separation and so allows the activated sludge to operate with a higher mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentration. The increased MLSS concentration reduces bioreactor tank volume, saving footprint and capital construction costs. Overall, the MBR process reduces footprint significantly compared to the combination of conventional activated sludge followed by sand filtration or ultrafiltration. The footprint savings due to the wastewater treatment plant alone can be as much as 50 percent, along with additional footprint savings from eliminating other filtration steps. Using MBR technology also simplifies the overall treatment train, minimizing the number of unit operations. Benefits Of Koch Membrane Systems’ PURON MBR Technology Koch Membrane Systems’ PURON submerged hollow fiber UF module offers robust, cost effective solutions for RO pretreatment. The patented membrane module contains hollow fibers, the lower ends of which are fixed in a header. The upper ends are individually sealed and are free to move laterally, as shown in Figure 1. The PURON module is submerged in the mixed liquor. All solids and particulates remain on the outside of the fibers while permeate flows in an outside-in pattern by means of a vacuum that evacuates permeate through the inside of the hollow fiber. | The free moving fibers, combined with central air scour aeration, ensure stable filtration during plant operation, long membrane life, and lower operating costs due to reduced need for energy, cleaning and maintenance. PURON MBR has been used successfully as the pretreatment step for a number of challenging industrial wastewater systems. For example, a Belgian firm that manufactures chemicals for film processing and printing uses large amounts of fresh water for cleaning and production. The firm began reusing its wastewater to reduce its fresh water costs, and selected an RO system to produce water with the low salt and nitrogen content required for its process. The firm installed a PURON submerged hollow fiber MBR as the pretreatment step prior to the RO, and the system has been operating successfully since 2005. Another example is an Australian malt-producing company that sought to reduce its use of fresh water by recycling its wastewater. PURON MBR technology was selected as the pretreatment step for the RO system, since it provided the best quality water to feed the RO while minimizing overall operating costs. The MegaMagnum ® RO system recovers the MBR effluent as product water for reuse. The system has been running since 2006. In fact, the RO permeate quality is equal to or better than the local potable water supply. Space & Cost Considerations Treatment operation footprint is a primary consideration in developing the best treatment system. Since the PURON MBR system reduces the volume of the bioreactor tanks and eliminates the secondary clarifier, the footprint for an MBR process is much smaller than tertiary filtration steps with sand filtration or UF. If space is limited, MBR may be the only pretreatment choice that fits in the available space. Other considerations include costs of land, civil works, equipment, power, chemicals and labor, and the payback period used. High land and civil costs tend to favor MBR use. For large municipal treatment facilities requiring RO as a final treatment step, an MBR should compare favorably to conventional wastewater treatment as a pretreatment step prior to RO. In a 20-year analysis the municipality should realize savings in RO membrane replacement and power as a result of the MBR pretreatment step. For an industrial company looking at a short payback, the preference for conventional or MBR technology will depend on the relative cost of civil works and land versus the equipment cost. Conclusions Using RO systems to reclaim and recycle wastewater effluent is growing rapidly, and Koch Membrane System’s PURON MBR technology is now being considered as the pretreatment option for an increasing number of industrial and municipal reuse applications. The PURON submerged membrane modules provide high quality feed water to the RO, minimize footprint and the cost of civil works, and reduce the susceptibility of the RO treatment train to upsets. PURON is a trademark of Koch Membrane Systems GmbH and is registered in Austria, Benelux, Canada, China, France, Germany, Italy, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Taiwan and the United Kingdom. MegaMagnum is a registered trademark of Koch Membrane Systems, Inc. in the United States and other countries. Wastewater Recycling for the Stone Fabrication Industry As a stone fabricator you’re looking for a wastewater treatment system that keeps you in compliance, but wouldn’t it be nice to save some money too? That’s where our wastewater recycling and treatment systems come in. These zero discharge, closed loop systems collect the water you use for polishing, cutting, and other processes; cleans it thoroughly, and recycles it so you can use it again. Your wastewater is never discharged into the public system during this process, so you have no chance of being out of compliance. Between the money you’ll save on non-compliance fees and the reduced cost of your water bill, the return on your investment will be substantial. And because we use the most durable, well-designed components on the market in each wastewater recycling system, you can be sure this system will run efficiently for as long as you need it to. We even design and manufacture some of those components in house, including: * Filter presses * Clarifier systems * Chlorine dioxide generators * Control panels * More The solid, smart construction of our zero discharge wastewater recycling systems results in a wide variety of beneficial features, including automation options, expandable filter presses that can accommodate your business as it grows, the ability to accommodate flow rates for 10 GPM – 200 GPM, the ability to filter solids water down to below 1 micron, and more.